Neoplasia Part 2

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Across
  1. 4. A measure of how differentiated the tumor cells are, reflecting how similar they are to normal cells of the same tissue type, impacting prognosis and treatment.
  2. 8. Symptoms arising from tumor secretion of substances that cause systemic effects, not directly related to the tumor's physical presence or tissue type.
  3. 10. A syndrome in cancer patients characterized by weight loss and muscle wasting, primarily caused by cytokines secreted by the tumor and the body's response.
  4. 11. A characteristic of malignant tumors where they ignore inhibitory signals, often due to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, leading to unchecked growth.
  5. 14. Viral infections (B and C) that are major contributors to hepatocellular carcinoma, affecting liver cells and leading to cancer development over time.
  6. 16. A cell type within the reactive stroma that produces collagen, contributing to desmoplasia and influencing the tumor microenvironment.
  7. 17. The extent of cancer as classified by the TNM system, which evaluates tumor characteristics, lymph node involvement, and the presence of metastasis.
  8. 18. The supportive tissue surrounding neoplastic cells in tumors, composed of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components, which contributes to tumor development.
  9. 19. Signaling molecules released by tumor cells that affect immune responses and systemic effects, including inflammation and cachexia in cancer patients.
  10. 21. The detection and elimination of tumor cells by the immune system, which tumors evade through various mechanisms, including antigen loss and immunosuppression.
  11. 23. The process through which tumors promote the formation of new blood vessels, primarily through the secretion of VEGF, crucial for tumor growth and survival.
  12. 25. The frequency of new cancer cases in a population, which varies by age, geographic location, and other risk factors influencing cancer development.
  13. 26. A major cause of cancer mortality, affecting both men and women, often linked to smoking and environmental exposures, underlining the need for prevention strategies.
Down
  1. 1. Elevated calcium levels in the blood due to tumor secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide, often seen in certain squamous cell carcinomas.
  2. 2. Pertaining to the new, abnormal growth of tissue (neoplasia) that characterizes malignant tumors, often involving cells that secrete cytokines affecting their environment.
  3. 3. The capacity of cancer cells to divide indefinitely by reactivating telomerase, overcoming the normal limits of cell division and preventing senescence.
  4. 5. Ultraviolet rays from sunlight that can induce mutations in DNA, particularly leading to skin cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
  5. 6. The programmed cell death that cancer cells evade, typically through alterations that affect the mitochondrial pathway, allowing for prolonged survival.
  6. 7. Substances that promote cancer formation, which can be chemical, physical, or biological, leading to DNA damage and subsequent mutations.
  7. 9. The hallmark ability of malignant tumors to infiltrate surrounding tissues, which involves steps like loosening cell–cell contacts and degrading the extracellular matrix.
  8. 12. The most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, reflecting the impact of age and genetic background in cancer epidemiology and incidence rates.
  9. 13. Refers to a metabolic shift in cancer cells favoring glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, enabling rapid growth even in low-oxygen environments.
  10. 15. A bacterium linked to gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma, associated with chronic inflammation and alterations in the gastric epithelium.
  11. 20. Factors like smoking, diet, and exposure to carcinogens that play a significant role in cancer risk, highlighting the interplay between lifestyle and malignancy.
  12. 22. Epstein-Barr Virus, implicated in several cancers by promoting B-cell proliferation and associated with lymphomas and other malignancies.
  13. 24. The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to distant locations in the body, often facilitated by loss of adhesion molecules like E-cadherin.