Nephrology

4. Seen as a collection of scarred, obliterated capillaries and accumulations of matrix material in part of the affected glomerulus. No response to corticosteroid therapy.
5. Hematuria (smoky brown urine), oliguria, azotemia and hypertension.
7. Massive proteinuria (the loss in the urine of >3.5 g of protein/day), hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia.
9. Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and subepithelial deposits,effacement of foot processes, and the presence of spikes of basement membrane material between the immune deposits.
10. Nodules in the mesangium. These nodules are spherical and eosinophilic, with a central acellular area. It is pathognomonic of diabetes.

1. Active lesions of the glomeruli include: endocapillary hypercellularity or extra-capillary proliferation (crescents), inflammation (glomerular or interstitial), fibrinoid necrosis and subendothelial deposits.
2. Mainly affect children (2-6) Only shows effacement of the epithelial cell (podocyte)foot processes and have complete remission within 8 weeks of corticosteroid therapy.
3. Diagnosis depends on serologic evidence of a rise in antibody titers to streptococcal products. Serum anti–streptolysin O antibody titers is positive.
6. Mesangial cell proliferation, basement membrane duplication, leukocyte infiltration, and accentuation of lobular architecture.
8. The most common type of primary glomerulonephritis that presents with hematuria.