New Empires in the Americas

2. an Italian explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas
6. Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas
7. Responsible for advances that would make exploration more successful. He greatly advanced Portugal’s exploration efforts.
8. a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought most of what is now Mexico under Spanish rule
11. - a form of forced and unpaid labor used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire
13. the global transfer of Old and New World germs, animals, plants, peoples, and cultures
17. large farms that usually grew one single type of crop
18. a water route through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific
19. The scattering of enslaved Africans across the New World.

1. the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure.
3. divided the "New World" into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal
4. a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental North America
5. to travel all the way around the globe
9. reformers who protested the Catholic Church’s practices.
10. explored and claimed many areas of North America for France.
12. a huge fleet of warships built to combat the English
14. new ships that used triangular sails, unlike traditional square sails, allowing them to sail against the wind.
15. a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars.
16. a document giving permission to start a colony