history

4. a small group of several families that shared an encampment and herded or hunted together and formed the basic social unit of the semi nomadic peoples of Eurasia
6. Independent political unit consisting of a city and the surrounding territory it controls.
9. Period from 3500–1110 BCE when bronze (copper + tin) became the main material for tools and weapons.
13. Examines ideas and philosophies that drive change (e.g., Enlightenment, Marxism).
15. Seasonal pattern of wind and rainfall across South Asia.
19. the boundary line of a zone of intense seismic activity in the Pacific Ocean
20. Very distant ancestor of modern humans; lived in eastern and southern Africa between 2.5–4 million years ago.
21. Provided warmth, predator protection, cooking, tool shaping, and social gatherings.
22. Collection of judicial decisions inscribed on stone pillars by Babylonian king Hammurabi.
23. one of twenty governing districts in Persia administered by royal governors called satraps, who answered directly to the king
24. a Chinese school of philosophical thought shaping morality, governance, education, and family life
25. Re-examining history with new evidence or perspectives.

1. Views responsibility as extending beyond one nation; considers worldwide issues.
2. History shaped by influential leaders (e.g., Napoleon, Lincoln).
3. the period beginning around 1200 BCE when iron became the preferred material for manufacturing tools and weapons
5. Stone tools shaped by chipping flakes off a stone core; teardrop-shaped, more advanced than Oldowan hand-axes.
7. a Hindu concept emphasizing the influence of good deeds and moral behavior on a person’s status in life and rebirth after death
8. relating to the people who speak Semitic languages, especially Hebrew and Arabic.
10. Sumerian term for their ruler.
11. the mass migration of Hebrews out of Egypt under the leadership of Moses
12. Crescent-shaped region in the Middle East where agriculture first flourished.
14. Focuses on the lives of ordinary people—workers, peasants, women, minorities.
16. Belief that spirituality exists not only in humans but also in plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
17. the religion of the ancient Persians, named for its founder Zarathustra, pronounced Zoroaster in Greek
18. a title claimed by warrior-kings to unite various tribes into powerful confederations and empires Ring of