Oodles of -Ologies - SciHisty #4

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Across
  1. 2. TSo performing arithmetic using Napier’s bones, a manual calculating device by John Napier of Merchiston. The dicipline, coined in a 1617 Latin treatise, is named after the Greek word for “rod”. If the “a” is replaced with an “e” & the “b” is removed, the word has a “colorful” prefix and refers to TSo Cao Xueqin's Hongloumeng, written in the mid-18th century (Qing dynasty) and one of China’s Four Great Classical Novels.
  2. 5. TSo modern trash and its associated items like bins, compactors, and liners. The discipline was founded in 1973 by two University of Arizona students when going through Bob Dylan’s trash and is now directed by archeologist William Rathje in relation to environmental concerns. Its name comes from a synonym from refuse or rubbish and should not be confused with midden excavations, which study domestic waste from ancient times.
  3. 6. TSo dying and death, including the social and forensic aspects related to loss. The prefix comes from the Greek personification of death, twin brother to Hypnos (sleep) and son of Nyx (night) & Erebos (darkness). It also sounds similar to a purple Marvel villain from Titan associated with a gauntlet. The discipline was founded in 1903 by immunologist Élie Metchnikoff, who also coined gerontology (TSo aging and longevity) and was jointly awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Paul Ehrlich.
  4. 10. TSo dragonflies and damselflies, derived from taxonomic Insecta order they belong to which describes a common mandible feature found in many insects. Remove the 5th letter (an “a”) and it becomes TSo teeth structure and development – the forensic version of which was wrongfully used in Arizona vs Ray Krone, who became the 100th inmate exonerated from death row since its reinstatement in 1976.
  5. 14. Tso value from a philosophical perspective, coined in 1908 and notably represented by Russian philosopher Nikolay O. Lossky. The field is closely related with meta-ethics and often researched in conjunction with praxeology, TSo human actions. Ideas of intrinsic and extrinsic value are central to this discipline, as whether an entity is good in itself or a means to an end is a defining characteristic of philosophies like hedonism.
  6. 16. TSo bells, which includes both the technology behind the instruments (e.g. their casting, ringing and tuning) as well as the art of playing them itself (e.g. history, methods and traditions). Its Latin prefix refers the south-west Italian region containing Nola, the diocese where St Paulinus introduced bells to Christian worship & which lies between Mount Vesuvius and the Apennines. The namesake region’s coat of arms is “argent a bend gules”, contains the 7th most populous EU city and known for its “happy, lucky countryside”.
  7. 18. TSo money and currency, from the Late Latin for “coin”. Subfields in this study include exonumia/paranumismatica (TSo tokens, elongated coins, chips & medallions), notaphily (TSo paper currency & banknotes) and scripophily (TSo bond & stock certificates). Notable practitioners include Bletchley Park codebreaker Joan Clarke, curator Marion Archibald and French naval officer Joseph Pellerin; meanwhile, important items include the Flowing Hair Dollar and Brashers Doubloon.
  8. 20. TSo past tropical cyclone activity using geological proxies and historical documentation, coined by meteorologist Kerry Emanuel. The discipline’s name comes from Greek prefix for “ancient” and an English synonym for “storm” which the title of a 1611 Shakespeare play. Analysis of overwash deposits, speleothems (cave formations) and beach ridges are key to this field, which help researchers determine the recurrence rates, long-term fluctuations and after-effects of storms. In turn, this can can inform disciplines like archeology (on the classic Maya collapse) or actuarial science (on insurance risk assessments).
  9. 22. TSo inland waters like rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. The term, based on the Greek for “lake”, was coined by François-Alphonse Forel, the father of the discipline for his Lake Geneva research. A prominent practitioner of this field is George Evelyn Hutchinson, the father of modern ecology. Replace the “n” with an “a” & “c” to get an outdated term for TSo slugs and shell-less gastropod mollusks, rarely used these day as the group is extremely polyphyletic.
  10. 23. TSo cell function and structure in biology, as studied by physiologists like Jan Evangelista Purkyně. Specifically, it refers to the examination of a single cell type, often collected from body fluid samples, which is used in medical tests for cancer diagnosis and fetal abnormality. screening. A prominent subfield involving pathology (TSo causes and effects of disease/injury) was founded in 1928 by Georgios Nicolas Papanikolaou, a physician and inventor of the “Pap smear” test.It differs from histology as it looks at a few cells, not full tissues.
Down
  1. 1. TSo fermentation’s biochemistry and its practical applications (alcohols, pickles, breads, cheeses etc), derived from the Ancient Greek for “to leaven”. Prominent researchers in the field include chemist Eduard Buchner, who won the 1907 Chemistry Nobel Prize for fermenting sugar without living cells. Replace the “m” with a “th” to get TSo beer and beer brewing, which is comparable to oenology, or TSo wine and winemaking excluding the agricultural processes (which are part of viticulture).
  2. 3. TSo measuring time and mechanical time-keeping devices (watches, sundials, clepsydras, chronometers etc), not of the falcon-headed Egyptian god of the sky despite sounding similar. The field differs from chronometry in that the latter includes electrical devices. Replace the “r” with a “d” to get TSo pathways in different contexts, like between brain cells in neuroscience (also called connectomics), on land in geography and within a person’s life space as described by Kurt Lewin in psychology.
  3. 4. TSo seed and fruit structures, founded by 18th century botanist Joseph Gaertner – not TSo oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae as it might seem at first. However, change the “p” to a “t” and it becomes TSo maps and map making, studied by people like Muhammad al-Idrisi, Shanawdithit, Marie Tharp, Inō Tadataka and Phyllis Pearsall. If instead, you add a “h” after the “p”, the word refers to an involuntary lint-picking behavior symptomatic by delirious patients in stupor, extreme exhaustion or high fever, originating from ancient Greek for “to behave as though one were collecting straw".
  4. 7. TSo cactus spines and Euphorbia thorns, used to determine past climate conditions like with tree rings. The word has two roots with mythological Greek origins. The first from a nymph who scratched Apollo’s face while rebuffing his advances & turned into this thorny Mediterranean plant, found ornamenting Corinthian & Composite order capitals (i.e tops of columns). The second, meaning “time” in Ancient Greek, is related to the Titan ruler of the mythological Golden Age, son of Uranus & Gaia and father to four or five of the 12 Olympians + Hades.
  5. 8. TSo interacting surfaces in relative motion and application of wear principles. The word was coined in 1966 by British engineer Peter Jost while discussing economics of corrosion, however research can be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci’s observations or Guillaume Amontons’ laws of friction. Replace the “b” with a “ch” to get TSo hair and scalp, a para-medical discipline which links dermatology and cosmetology, derived from the Greek for “hair”.
  6. 9. TSo physical remains from alien civilizations, a fictional discipline commonly found in science fiction which adds the Greek prefix for “stranger” to an existing study of ancient people through material culture. Although sometimes mocked as too reliant on the Big Dumb Object (BDO) trope, works like 2001: A Space Odyssey, Alien and Mass Effect have found critical acclaim with stories that involve the field.
  7. 11. TSo obligations and duties from a normative ethics viewpoint, in which it argues that actions are considered moral based on a series of rules, not due to an action’s consequences. As such, the framework is synonymous with censorial ethics and contrasted against consequentialism or pragmatic ethics, as showcased in the Trolley problem. Kantian ethics is a clear example of this moral philosophy type, as his three-part categorical imperative formula outlines the creation of maxims which determine if an action is intrinsically good; another case is René Descartes’ Divine command theory, wherein moral obligations are appointed by God’s will.
  8. 12. TSo the Shroud of Turin, from the Greek word in the Gospel of Mark to describe the burial cloth. If you remove the 4th, 6th and 7th letters (a D, N, O respectively) and the word becomes TSo China via its philosophy, language, history and culture by a primarily Western scholarship, which was coined around 1838 and likely gets its name from the 1st dynasty of Imperial China. Related to fields like philology (TSo languages in historical sources) and epigraphy (TSo written inscriptions), this latter discipline is directly translated as “Han Studies” in parts of Asia.
  9. 13. TSo vehicle tax disks placed in front windscreens, particularly those issued in the UK from January 1st 1921 to September 30th 2014. Originating from the acronym for a car permit certifying taxes were paid to the UK DVLA (like the USA DMV), the system was phased out in favor of license plate recognition software after 93 years. If the letters “xil” are added before the “l”, the word becomes TSo flags and signals, coined by Whitney Smith Jr in 1961 derived from the name of Roman military standards; prior to the research fell under heraldry.
  10. 15. TSo postcards. From the Greek diminutive of writing tablet, it is related with philately (TSo postage stamps and postal history) though more difficult to due to an unregulated production. Notable periods include: “Pioneer” (1893-1898), “Undivided Back” (1901-190), “White Boarder” (1915-1930), “Linen”(1930-1945) and “Photochrome” (1939 to present). If you remove the 1st and 3rd letter, it becomes TSo reasons behind the way that things are, like a disease’s cause in medicine (e.g. scurvy from vitamin C deficiency) or the origin of learned behaviors in psychology (e.g. Pavlovian response). It is also used when discussing national myths like the glorification of Roman Empire’s founding in Virgil’s Aeneid or creation stories in religious texts to describe various phenomenon.
  11. 17. TSo groupings and classifications based on common characteristics, from the Middle English for “symbol”. The specifics depend on the exact field, but can include medieval swords (Oakeshott), traditional Korean medicine (Sasang), intimate partner violence (Johnson’s), higher nervous activity (Pavlov’s), American farms (USDA) etc. It can describe physical objects such as The Becher’s photographs, or theoretical concepts like in statistics, and should not be confused with either the art of arranging letters or TSo landform features.
  12. 19. TSo bird eggs, the hobby of egg collecting or the investigation of Easter eggs in videogames. It’s often studied with to ornithology (TSo birds), ethology (TSo animal behavior) and caliology (TSo bird nests). Add a “r” between two vowels to get TSo Earth’s mountain landscapes, also called montology. If instead a “d” is added in same position, it becomes TSo a hypothetic life force researched by Carl von Reichenbach named after a one-eyed Norse god. Lastly, if a “z” is added to the start, it becomes Tso animals in general, like their physiology, classification and distribution.
  13. 21. TSo how soil influences living things, such as plant communities and humankind’s agronomic land use patterns. Early practitioners include as Cato the Elder (234-149 BC), who wrote about crop rotations with legumes to build soil nitrogen, and Xenophon (431–355 BC), who observed benefits of turning cover crop. Pneumatic chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont also worked in this discipline, determining that a willow tree’s weight doesn’t originate from soil. It is one of two major branches in soil science, the other being pedology (TSo soil formation, classification, and associated frameworks in geology).