OSI & TCP/IP MODEL

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Across
  1. 1. Deals with transmission of raw bits over a physical medium like cables and signals
  2. 3. Responsible for logical addressing and routing of packets
  3. 6. Ensures reliable or unreliable delivery using protocols like TCP or UDP
  4. 7. Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between networks
  5. 8. Provides services such as email, file transfer, and web browsing
  6. 9. Provides end-to-end communication, reliability, and flow control
  7. 10. Translates, encrypts, and compresses data for the application layer
Down
  1. 2. Manages sessions and controls connections between applications
  2. 4. Defines how data is physically sent through the network
  3. 5. Responsible for node-to-node delivery, framing, and error detection
  4. 8. Provides network services directly to end-user applications