Plant Animal Behaviour

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Across
  1. 3. — The processes an organism uses to determine its position and direction of travel to reach a destination.
  2. 4. — Animals that are most active during twilight, particularly around dawn and dusk.
  3. 6. — A directional growth response of a plant organ towards or away from an external stimulus.
  4. 7. — The area an organism regularly uses to obtain food, shelter, mates or other resources, without necessarily defending it against others.
  5. 9. — A change in the timing of a biological rhythm relative to its previous timing, often caused by a change in environmental conditions.
  6. 11. — Originating or controlled by internal biological processes rather than being directly generated by external environmental conditions.
  7. 14. — A reproductive strategy characterised by producing relatively few offspring and investing substantial resources in parental care, often increasing offspring survival.
  8. 15. — The directional movement of an organism in response to gravity.
  9. 16. — A reproductive strategy characterised by producing large numbers of offspring, with relatively little parental investment in each offspring and typically high early mortality.
  10. 18. — The directional movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus, moving towards or away from the chemical source.
  11. 19. — Plants whose flowering is induced or promoted when the photoperiod exceeds a critical length, usually because the uninterrupted night is sufficiently short.
  12. 22. — A form of mimicry in which a harmless species resembles a harmful, toxic or unpalatable species, reducing its risk of being attacked by predators.
  13. 26. — A non-directional change in an organism’s rate or pattern of movement in response to stimulus intensity, rather than the direction of the stimulus.
  14. 28. — A light-sensitive plant pigment that exists in two interconvertible forms, Pr and Pfr, and helps plants detect light conditions and regulate processes such as flowering.
  15. 30. -(SDPs) Plants whose flowering is induced or promoted when the photoperiod is shorter than a critical length, usually when the uninterrupted night is sufficiently long.
  16. 33. — A social structure in which individuals occupy relative dominance positions, with relationships that may involve multiple levels or interconnected rankings.
  17. 39. — An interspecific interaction in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism.
  18. 40. — An internal timing mechanism that generates regular, repeating biological rhythms in an organism’s behaviour and physiology.
  19. 41. — Directional plant growth responses in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of an external stimulus.
  20. 45. — The process by which an external environmental cue synchronises an organism’s internal biological rhythm with a regular environmental cycle.
  21. 46. — A directional plant growth response in which a plant organ grows away from a stimulus.
  22. 48. — An interaction in which organisms require the same limited resource, reducing the success or fitness of the organisms competing for it.
  23. 49. — Plants whose flowering is not significantly dependent on the length of day or night.
  24. 50. - (suprachiasmatic nucleus)A region of the hypothalamus that functions as a major circadian pacemaker in mammals, coordinating internal biological rhythms with environmental light–dark cycles.
  25. 52. — A set of behaviours that facilitate mate attraction, recognition and acceptance before mating, often specific to a species.
  26. 53. — Non-directional movements of plant organs in response to an external stimulus. The direction of the movement does not depend on the direction from which the stimulus originates.
  27. 54. — An area occupied and actively defended by an organism or group against intruders, often to secure access to resources.
  28. 57. — An endocrine gland in the brain that secretes melatonin and contributes to regulating biological rhythms, particularly in response to the light–dark cycle.
  29. 58. — A graphical representation of an organism’s activity over time, commonly used to identify patterns of biological rhythms.
  30. 59. — An interspecific relationship in which both species benefit from their interaction.
  31. 60. — An interspecific interaction in which a predator captures, kills and consumes another organism, the prey, for food.
  32. 61. — The physiological or behavioural response of an organism to changes in the relative lengths of day and night.
  33. 62. — The duration of a biological rhythm when it is not synchronised by external environmental cues.
  34. 63. — Plant hormones that regulate growth, particularly by stimulating cell elongation in shoots and other developing plant tissues.
Down
  1. 1. behaviour — Behaviour modified or acquired through experience, practice or interaction with the environment.
  2. 2. — A social status or relationship in which one individual consistently has priority over another in access to resources or social interactions.
  3. 4. — A biological rhythm with a period of approximately 12.4 hours, corresponding to the tidal cycle.
  4. 5. — The time interval between the beginning of one activity phase and the beginning of the next corresponding activity phase in a repeating biological rhythm.
  5. 8. — The directional growth of a plant organ towards or away from a light stimulus.
  6. 10. — The ability of an organism to navigate back to a familiar or specific location after moving away from it.
  7. 12. — A biological rhythm with a period of approximately one year, often associated with seasonal changes in an organism’s behaviour or physiology.
  8. 13. — An interspecific relationship in which a parasite benefits by obtaining resources from a host, while the host is harmed.
  9. 17. — An interspecific relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither significantly helped nor harmed.
  10. 20. — Directional movements of organisms towards or away from a stimulus. The direction of movement is determined by the direction of the stimulus.
  11. 21. — A form of mimicry in which two or more harmful, toxic or unpalatable species share similar warning signals, reinforcing predator avoidance.
  12. 23. — Interactions between individuals belonging to the same species.
  13. 24. — An external environmental cue that resets or synchronises an organism’s biological clock with the environmental cycle
  14. 25. — A dominance structure in which individuals can be arranged in a ranked order from highest to lowest social status.
  15. 27. — A behaviour in which members of a group work together to reduce the risk of predation or defend group members.
  16. 29. — The directional growth of a plant organ in response to gravity.
  17. 31. — A biological rhythm with a period of approximately 29.5 days, corresponding to the lunar cycle.
  18. 32. — External changes or signals that trigger, regulate or synchronise an organism’s behaviour or physiological processes.
  19. 34. — The directional movement of an organism towards or away from a light stimulus.
  20. 35. — Behaviour that is genetically influenced and develops without requiring prior learning or experience, although its expression may be affected by environmental conditions.
  21. 36. — A Latin-derived term meaning approximately, used to describe biological rhythms that occur over a period close to a particular time interval.
  22. 37. — An endogenous biological rhythm with a period of approximately 24 hours that regulates an organism’s behaviour or physiology.
  23. 38. — The regular, often seasonal movement of organisms between geographical areas, commonly associated with reproduction, food availability or environmental conditions.
  24. 42. — An interspecific interaction in which an animal consumes plant material, benefiting the animal while harming the plant.
  25. 43. — A naturally occurring auxin, also called indole-3-acetic acid, that regulates plant growth and promotes cell elongation.
  26. 44. — All the populations of different species living and interacting within a defined area.
  27. 47. — A reproductive system in which individuals other than the breeding parents help care for and raise offspring.
  28. 51. — Animals that are primarily active during the night and generally rest during the day.
  29. 55. — Interactions between organisms belonging to different species.
  30. 56. — A directional growth response of a plant organ to physical contact with a surface or object.