Plate Tectonics

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Across
  1. 4. A powerful and often dramatic force of nature that changes the earth’s surface and atmosphere; includes earthquakes, volcanoes, and intense storms such as hurricanes and Volcano A landform, usually cone-shaped, produced by a collection of erupted material around a vent, or opening, on the surface of the earth and through which gas and erupted material pass.
  2. 7. A wave generated by earthquake vibrations.
  3. 9. The tendency to resist flowing; a property of liquids.
  4. 13. A small (less than 400 meters high), cone-shaped volcano made of broken rocks or blobs of hardened lava, called “cinders,” that accumulate around the volcanic vent.
  5. 18. Magma that has reached the surface of the earth.
  6. 19. A solid earth material that forms when magma or lava cools and crystallizes on or below the earth’s surface.
  7. 21. A theory that the lithosphere is broken into segments, or
  8. 22. The cool, solid outer shell of the earth. It consists of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle and isbroken up into segments, or plates.
  9. 23. A primary (compressional) earthquake wave that travels through the body of the earth; so named because it is the first wave to reach a seismograph station during an earthquake.
  10. 25. A series of sea waves caused by underwater earthquakes or, more rarely, by volcanoes.
  11. 26. The earth’s outer layer; the coolest and least dense layer of the earth.
  12. 31. A mountain-like landform that develops when plates separate and new ocean lithosphere forms.
  13. 32. The process by which earth materials transform from one rock type into another.
  14. 33. that “float” on the asthenosphere, and that interactions among these plates are associated with earthquakes and volcanic activity and form mid-ocean ridges, trenches, mountains, and chains of volcanic
  15. 34. An earthquake wave that travels on or near the surface of the earth
  16. 35. A wide, broadly sloping volcano that forms from runny lava. It is the largest of volcanoes.
  17. 36. Describes objects that bend, stretch, or flow when a force is applied to them.
  18. 37. A zone of intense earthquake and volcanic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean basin; also called the Circum-PacificBelt.
  19. 41. A zone of intense earthquake and volcanic activity that runsdown the middle of the Atlantic Ocean floor.
  20. 43. A deep, narrow depression in the seafloor.
  21. 44. A place where pieces of the broken lithosphere meet. Boundary types include convergent, divergent, and
Down
  1. 1. A circulating flow of air or water resulting from temperature differences; also called a convection current.
  2. 2. A solid earth material that forms when any rock type is changed by the earth’s high temperature and pressure.
  3. 3. A scientist who studies volcanoes and volcanic phenomena.
  4. 5. The layer of the mantle that lies directly below the lithosphere and flows, like taffy.
  5. 6. An instrument that detects, records, and measures the vibrations produced by an earthquake.
  6. 8. The movement of a tectonic plate beneath another plate.
  7. 10. Igneous rock that forms from magma cooling inside the earth.
  8. 11. Vibrations in the earth caused by the sudden release of energy, usually as a result of the movement of rocks along a
  9. 12. A physical feature of the earth’s surface, such as a mid-ocean ridge, a trench, or a mountain.
  10. 14. An earthquake wave that travels on or near the surface of the earth.
  11. 15. A volcano that forms from alternating eruptions of viscous lava and broken rock. It is steep near the summit and flat toward the base.
  12. 16. The layer of the earth beneath the crust. It is about 2900 km thick, and it makes up about 83 percent of the earth’s
  13. 17. A scientist who studies earthquakes.
  14. 20. The time between the arrival of P-waves and S-waves at a location where an earthquake occurs.
  15. 24. An earthquake wave that follows the main shock of an earthquake.
  16. 26. The earth’s innermost layers, consisting of a liquid iron outer core and a solid iron-nickel inner core.
  17. 27. A large, mobile segment of the earth’s lithosphere.
  18. 28. The process by which heat moves efficiently through air or water.
  19. 29. A localized zone of melting in the mantle that is fixed under a plate.
  20. 30. A solid earth material composed of compacted and cemented sediments or of particles of various sizes.
  21. 38. A fracture in bedrock, along which blocks of rock on opposite sides of the fracture move.
  22. 39. A secondary earthquake wave; so named because it travels slower than a primary wave and is the second wave to reach the seismograph station after an earthquake. It travels through the body of the earth as a series of crests and troughs.
  23. 40. A deep gorge formed on the ocean floor when an oceanic plate moves beneath a continental plate.
  24. 42. Hot, molten rock inside the earth.