Protein Translation

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Across
  1. 3. Short peptide that directs protein targeting.
  2. 4. Attachment of ubiquitin to proteins, marking them for degradation.
  3. 5. Transfer RNA; adaptor molecule matching codons to amino acids.
  4. 6. Ribosomal RNA; structural and catalytic component of ribosomes.
  5. 7. Protein that assists in proper folding of other proteins.
  6. 9. Protein complex that degrades ubiquitinated proteins.
  7. 10. Three-nucleotide sequence specifying an amino acid.
  8. 14. Long non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression.
  9. 16. Ribosome exit site for uncharged tRNA.
  10. 18. Internal ribosome entry site for cap-independent translation.
  11. 21. Amino acid sequence marking proteins for rapid degradation.
  12. 23. Messenger RNA; carries genetic code for protein synthesis.
  13. 24. Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  14. 25. Start codon; encodes methionine.
  15. 28. Addition of a phosphate group regulating protein activity.
  16. 30. Chaperone induced by stress or high temperature.
  17. 32. mRNA with multiple ribosomes translating simultaneously.
  18. 34. Mutation altering the reading frame by insertion/deletion.
  19. 35. Small interfering RNA that silences gene expression.
  20. 37. Ribosome site where aminoacyl-tRNA enters.
  21. 38. Stage of translation when stop codon halts synthesis.
  22. 39. Ribosome site holding the growing peptide chain.
  23. 41. Rough endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis.
Down
  1. 1. The grouping of codons that determines translation accuracy.
  2. 2. rRNA enzymatic activity that forms peptide bonds.
  3. 8. Flexibility in codon–anticodon pairing at the third base.
  4. 11. Nuclear localization signal; directs proteins into the nucleus.
  5. 12. ER-associated degradation; removal of misfolded proteins.
  6. 13. Three-nucleotide tRNA sequence complementary to a codon.
  7. 15. Addition of acetyl groups to proteins, often regulating histones.
  8. 17. First stage of translation where ribosome assembles on mRNA.
  9. 19. Prokaryotic mRNA sequence that recruits ribosomes.
  10. 20. Tag that directs proteins to lysosomes.
  11. 22. Property where multiple codons specify the same amino acid.
  12. 24. Addition of sugar chains to proteins.
  13. 26. Unfolded protein response; stress pathway increasing chaperone production.
  14. 27. Cellular machine that synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
  15. 29. Protein complex that transports proteins across outer mitochondrial membrane.
  16. 31. Stage of translation where amino acids are added to chain.
  17. 33. Small RNA that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally.
  18. 36. Normally a stop codon, but codes tryptophan in mitochondria.
  19. 38. Protein complex that transports proteins across inner mitochondrial membrane.
  20. 40. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; site of lipid synthesis & detox.