psychology review

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Across
  1. 2. (false beliefs that are inconsistent with reality but are held in spite of evidence that disconfirms them)
  2. 4. focus on changing the faulty behaviours people have learned: the words, thoughts, interpretations, and feedback that direct daily strategies for living
  3. 8. people actually experience physical problems such as motor deficits (poor balance/coordination, paralysis or weakness) or sensory deficits (loss of sensation to touch or pain, double vision, blindness, deafness) but no medical condition
  4. 12. money, social skills, knowledge, sense of being in control (even “illusion of control”) and social support
  5. 13. a person’s belief about whether s/he can successfully engage in and execute a specific behaviour; is specific to any given activity
  6. 14. (psychotherapy to reduce, remove or alter their troubling emotions, attitudes, behaviours or thoughts…cultural views differ)
  7. 20. attempts to limit the duration severity of a disorder once it has begun
  8. 21. (emotional state or condition that results when a goal –work, family, personal –is thwarted or blocked
  9. 22. Excessive emotionality and attention seeking, inappropriate sexual or seductive behaviour
  10. 23. the extent to which people are flexible and respond adaptively to external or internal demands
  11. 24. the perception an individual has of him/herself and of his/her relationships to other people and to various aspects of life
  12. 25. first must learn relaxation techniques –possibly Progressive Muscle Relaxation–then go through a schedule of exposure)
  13. 30. people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person (behaviour is not exaggerated or overly dramatic)
  14. 33. an individual has a history of many physical complaints beginning before age thirty
  15. 34. (religio-magical approach: believe supernatural agents, such as spirits, cause abnormal behaviour and emotional distress)
  16. 35. emotional state of imbalance (can range from total euphoria to total despair); prolonged
  17. 36. drive toward death (turned outwards aggression and turned inwards could lead to suicide)
  18. 39. have to choose between 2 equally distasteful alternatives or goals
  19. 40. (ending the practice of committing patients with many serious disorders to mental hospitals for long periods of time…made possible by new drug therapies introduced in 50s and 60s that allowed control over the symptoms of these disorders)
  20. 41. Lack of Desire to have social relationships, lack of emotionality in social situations
  21. 42. drive toward life (libido –instinctual and sexual) working on the pleasure principle, energizes the id)
  22. 43. operation that severs the nerve fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain with the diencephalon, especially those fibres of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas (developed by Egas Moniz, who is 1949 won a Nobel prize for this therapy)
  23. 48. an unconscious way of reducing anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality; they have several assumptions
  24. 50. limits the long-term impact of a psychological disorder by seeking to prevent a relapse
  25. 53. qualities that characterize our daily interactions
  26. 55. intense and irrational fears that can interfere with everyday activities (e.g., insects, animals, heights, etc.)
  27. 58. love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
  28. 64. have to choose an alternative or goal that has both attractive and repellant aspects
  29. 71. Instability and intensity in personal relationships, impulsivity,Personal relationships, impulsivity, particularly with respect to behaviours that include self-harm
  30. 72. a person’s diminished ability to deal with demanding life events
  31. 73. are sociable, impulsive, enjoy new experiences and new people
  32. 75. (the therapist comes to like/dislike a client because client is perceived as similar to significant people in the therapist’s life).
  33. 76. concentrates on doing something about the situation, including: taking action to get rid of the problem; making a plan; putting aside other activities to concentrate on problem
  34. 77. characteristics exhibited in response to specific situations (e.g., xenophobia); more easily modified and not always exhibited
  35. 79. emotionally charged ideas and images that are rich in meaning and symbolism, exist within the collective unconscious [Shadowor Dark Side; Great Mother(nourishment or destruction); Wise Old Man(wisdom, often seen in dreams); Self (completion/wholeness; opposites; ultimate symbol is the Mandala)
  36. 80. entire identity gone, move and start over and start over
  37. 81. a nonspecific response to real OR imagined challenges or threats
  38. 82. an environmental stimuli that affects an organism, producing physical and psychological effects such as physical arousal and psychological tension and anxiety
  39. 83. arousal of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
  40. 84. Cognitive or perceptual distortions as well as discomfort in social relationships
Down
  1. 1. very high levels of physical arousal coupled with an intense fear of losing control
  2. 3. the part of personality that seeks to satisfy instinctual needs in accordance with reality (reality principle); it attempts to check the power of the id and delay gratification without regard for consequences (a manager)
  3. 5. Preoccupied with rules and lists; perfectionism interferes with rules and lists; perfectionism interferes with being able to complete tasks
  4. 6. (need to realize one’s fullest human potential, after lower needs are met)
  5. 7. pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour
  6. 9. inability to remember significant details about one’s personal self (profound and lengthy losses of identity or memory)
  7. 10. prevent condition before it begins
  8. 11. provide treatments meant to reduce another’s abnormal behaviour or emotional distress through spiritual, physical or psychological means
  9. 15. the moral aspect of mental functioning, comprising the ego ideal (what a person would ideally like to be) and the conscience (feelings of guilt); taught by parents and society but not in touch with reality
  10. 16. characterized by disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty
  11. 17. process by which a person takes some action to manage, master, tolerate, or reduce environmental or internal demands that cause or might cause stress and that tax the individual’s inner resources
  12. 18. Inability to respect the rights of others, irresponsible or unlawful behaviour that violates social norms
  13. 19. disorders in which individuals have physical symptoms without identifiable physical causes for these symptoms
  14. 26. a gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli while staying deeply relaxed (e.g., virtual reality therapy); first must learn relaxation
  15. 27. a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
  16. 28. preoccupation with fears of disease, don’t have them but worry about them (many feel pain and discomfort)
  17. 29. (empirical-scientific approach: based on rational theories, supported, more or less, by empirical studies, and does not involve religion or supernatural
  18. 30. “Multiple Personality Disorder”
  19. 31. concentrates on managing feelings that accompany stress and trying to find ways to feel better by: focusing on or expressing emotions; reinterpreting event; finding comfort in religion; seeking social support
  20. 32. those experiences we are aware of at any given time
  21. 37. Avoids interpersonal contact because of the risk of rejection; fear criticism and feel inadequate in social situations
  22. 38. process of evaluating individual differences among human beings by means of tests, interviews, observations, and recording of physiological processes
  23. 44. have to choose between 2 equally attractive alternatives or goals
  24. 45. emerge when personality theorists combine several related traits into 1 category
  25. 46. related to fixations, except they take place after a person has progressed through the various stages of development
  26. 47. an insightful awareness and ability to share another’s inner experience
  27. 49. therapy expose the client to the object of their fear and then prevent the compulsion (used often with OCD Anxiety Disorder)
  28. 51. are not as sociable/unsociable, cautious, prefer routine activities, do not enjoy meeting new people
  29. 52. occurs if person has rigid self-concepts (guard against potentially threatening feelings and experiences); they can’t fit new types of behaviour in to existing concept
  30. 54. a shared storehouse of primitive ideas and images that reside in the unconscious and are inherited from one’s ancestors
  31. 56. general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life’s usual activities
  32. 57. so central that a person’s entire life revolves around that trait (e.g., Snape in Harry Potter)
  33. 59. amnesia with no medical conditions (localized or generalized)
  34. 60. the source of a person’s instinctual energy, works mainly on the pleasure principle (tries to maximize instant gratification and satisfy raw impulses); it is demanding, irrational and selfish
  35. 61. a mystical symbol generally circular in form that in Jung’s view represents a person’s inward striving for unity (Hinduism and Buddhism use these as aids to meditation)
  36. 62. a # of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals, you learn that your problems are not unique (e.g., self-help groups)
  37. 63. person if you have received empathy and unconditional positive regard, you develop a healthy self concept and will move in a positive direction
  38. 65. techniques people use to deal with the stress of changing situations
  39. 66. people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate (behaviour is exaggerated or overly dramatic)
  40. 67. inserting a hole surgically into the skull
  41. 68. any readily identifiable stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from other individuals (e.g., shy…a continuum)
  42. 69. (an emotional reaction toward the therapist –either positive or negative) and
  43. 70. reinterpret undesirable feelings or behaviours that make them seem acceptable
  44. 74. having more than one disorder
  45. 78. obsessions (recurrent modes of thought), then anxiety increases and must carry out compulsions(repetitious behaviours)