Puzzle 04: Advanced Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

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Across
  1. 2. A chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by lipid accumulation, macrophage infiltration, and plaque formation.
  2. 6. The backward flow of blood through an incompetent or leaky cardiac valve that fails to close completely during the cardiac cycle.
  3. 10. The narrowing or constriction of a cardiac valve orifice that obstructs the normal forward flow of blood.
  4. 13. A localized dilation or outpouching of an arterial wall, commonly occurring in the abdominal aorta due to structural weakening.
  5. 14. Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch that modulate autonomic regulation of blood pressure.
  6. 16. An inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle tissue, most commonly triggered by viral infections like Coxsackievirus.
  7. 19. volume and associated stretch of the ventricular myocardium at the end of diastole, immediately prior to contraction.
  8. 20. The highly specific and preferred serum biomarker measured to detect acute cardiac muscle injury in myocardial infarction.
  9. 23. An adaptive increase in ventricular wall thickness and muscle mass in response to chronic pressure overload, as seen in hypertension.
  10. 24. A form of systolic hypertension common in the elderly where the systolic pressure is elevated but the diastolic pressure remains normal.
  11. 25. The structural distensibility or ease with which the ventricular chambers expand during diastole to accommodate incoming blood volume.
  12. 28. A type of heart failure characterized by impaired ventricular relaxation and filling despite a preserved ejection fraction.
  13. 29. A general clinical term describing the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls over time.
  14. 30. myocardial necrosis caused by prolonged, severe ischemia due to sudden coronary artery occlusion.
Down
  1. 1. Inflammation of the outer sac surrounding the heart, presenting with sharp chest pain that improves when leaning forward.
  2. 3. A congenital narrowing of the aorta, typically near the ductus arteriosus, causing upper extremity hypertension and weak lower pulses.
  3. 4. A cardiac rhythm abnormality characterized by a resting heart rate that drops below sixty beats per minute.
  4. 5. Paroxysmal chest pain or discomfort caused by transient myocardial ischemia, often precipitated by physical exertion or stress.
  5. 7. The high-pressure vascular circuit through which the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to satisfy peripheral tissue demands.
  6. 8. A temporary imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cellular hypoxia without immediate cell death.
  7. 9. A class of peptides (like BNP) secreted by stressed cardiac walls that promotes diuresis and vasodilation to balance volume overload.
  8. 11. The study and measurement of physical forces, pressures, and fluid flow within the systemic and pulmonary cardiovascular systems.
  9. 12. A clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure where dyspnea occurs when lying flat, forcing the patient to sit up to breathe.
  10. 15. A life-threatening compression of the heart due to rapid fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, severely restricting ventricular filling.
  11. 17. The resistance or pressure that the ventricles must overcome to pump blood out into the systemic or pulmonary circulation.
  12. 18. A diverse group of intrinsic heart muscle diseases classified structurally as dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive.
  13. 21. The structural modification of the myocardium (such as hypertrophy or dilation) following injury like myocardial infarction, driven by angiotensin II.
  14. 22. The intrinsic ability of myocardial fibers to shorten and generate force during systole, independent of preload and afterload conditions.
  15. 26. The fibrofatty lesion that develops within the tunica intima of arteries, capable of rupturing and triggering local thrombosis.
  16. 27. An infection of the internal endothelial surface of the heart and valves, characterized by the formation of friable vegetations.