Puzzle 6 Pulmonary Alterations and Ventilation/Perfusion

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Across
  1. 2. A condition where blood flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without encountering ventilated alveoli for gas exchange.
  2. 9. A fungal pulmonary infection acquired by inhaling spores from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
  3. 10. The coughing up of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes, common in severe pulmonary pathologies.
  4. 11. A protective reflex mechanism triggered by mechanical or chemical stimulation of vagal afferent receptors in the respiratory tract.
  5. 13. A complex lipoprotein mixture produced by Type II alveolar cells that lowers surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse at end-expiration
  6. 14. The temporary cessation of breathing, frequently assessed during sleep studies in patients with upper airway collapses.
  7. 15. A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an excessive concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in small vessels.
  8. 16. Excessive accumulation of connective tissue in the lung parenchyma, causing restrictive lung disease and diminished compliance.
  9. 17. The presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity that causes the partial or complete collapse of the lung on the affected side.
  10. 21. A destructive obstructive disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles.
  11. 23. Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure resulting directly from chronic pulmonary hypertension caused by parenchymal diseases.
  12. 26. Dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat, forcing them to sit or stand to achieve effective ventilation mechanics.
  13. 27. An abnormally rapid rate of breathing, typically defined as exceeding twenty breaths per minute in an adult patient.
Down
  1. 1. Chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of muscle and elastic supporting tissue from persistent infection.
  2. 3. The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space, subclassified as transudative or exudative based on protein levels. HYPERCAPNIA An abnormal elevation of carbon dioxide tension in the arterial blood, typically resulting from alveolar hypoventilation.
  3. 4. An imbalance between the amount of air entering the alveoli and the amount of blood perfusing the surrounding capillaries.
  4. 5. Deep, rapid, and labored respirations characteristic of severe metabolic acidosis, functioning to blow off excess carbonic acid.
  5. 6. A measure of the lung and chest wall distensibility, representing the volume change per unit of pressure change.
  6. 7. The narrowing of the airways due to smooth muscle contraction, a hallmark feature of acute asthmatic exacerbations.
  7. 8. An abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood, which serves as a major driver for secondary hyperventilation.
  8. 10. A state of oxygen deficiency at the tissue level that impairs normal aerobic cellular respiration and ATP generation.
  9. 12. An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of progressively deeper breathing followed by temporary apnea.
  10. 13. The clinical staging of pulmonary embolism severity based on hemodynamic stability and myocardial biomarker leaks.
  11. 18. The accumulation of purulent exudate or pus within the pleural cavity, typically secondary to a severe bacterial pneumonia infection.
  12. 19. Alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands, decreasing arterial carbon dioxide levels and inducing respiratory alkalosis.
  13. 20. The collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of a lung, preventing normal gas exchange and surfactant function in alveoli.
  14. 22. A high-pitched, harsh inspiratory sound caused by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed upper airway or larynx.
  15. 24. A specialized respiratory center in the pons that coordinates prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by transient expiratory phases.
  16. 25. A subjective clinical sensation of uncomfortable breathing or breathlessness reported by patients experiencing pulmonary distress.