Regulation of Gene Expression

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Across
  1. 1. (lacZ) an enzyme that breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose
  2. 4. a type of protein that cleaves the RNA sequence used for RNA interference
  3. 8. the shape of the repressor protein prevents the blocking of transcription, leaving transcription always on.
  4. 9. some protein products are produced only when needed.
  5. 11. an operon with 2 cis acting sites, 1 trans molecule, and three structural genes that have info to produce enzymes needed to bring lactose into the cell and break it down into useable molecules.
  6. 13. some protein products are produced continuously regardless of their environment
  7. 15. the DNA sequence for the operator is altered so the repressor can't bind, and can't block transcription.
  8. 17. a cis acting cite
  9. 19. cluster of adjacent genes that code for proteins with functions
  10. 21. Do not have operons, Do not grow solely in response to nutrients in environment and need to regulate their genes to be on at appropriate place in the body and at appropriate times in development.
  11. 24. a piece of DNA upstream of downstream of the gene that increases the rate of transcription
  12. 25. mechanic used by cells to increase or decrease production of specific gene products.
  13. 28. a type of promoter that allows for more than one transcription initiation site, but they are weaker.
  14. 29. a trans-acting molecule
  15. 30. the pattern that introns are removed and exons are joined in mRNA can allow for multiple proteins to be produced form a single gene (DNA sequence)
  16. 31. HAT attaches acetyl groups to nucleosomes to relax chromosome packaging
  17. 32. a cis acting cite
Down
  1. 2. (CAP) can increase expression when glucose is absent by binding to cyclic AMP (cAMP) Thus, binding to the promoter, increasing affinity of binding for RNA polymerase.
  2. 3. No transcription when lactose is absent and plenty of transcription when lactose is present.
  3. 5. the binding site for lactose on the repressor protein is altered so lactose can't bind to he repressor protein, and can't be deactivated. Meaning roadblock is always stuck, and there is never transcription.
  4. 6. (miRNA) made naturally
  5. 7. a piece of DNA upstream or downstream that decreases the rate of transcription
  6. 10. process by which genetic instructions are used to synthesize gene products, usually proteins.
  7. 12. (RNAi) a process where short (about 20 nucleotides) double stranded RNA molecules can degrade mRNA if the sequence is complementary
  8. 14. a cis acting cite
  9. 16. A molecule that is produced that can bind to the cis-acting site and regulate the gene cluster either negatively (turning off transcription) or positively (turning on transcription)
  10. 18. (RNA induced silencing complex) a type of protein that combines with RNA sequence and separates the double strands so one strand can be used as a template. Then, it seeks out complementary sequences and degrades them.
  11. 20. proteins that bind to the DNA promoter region and can increase of decrease the rate of transcription. A certain set of these are required for RNA polymerase to bind efficiently
  12. 22. remove acetyl groups from nucleosome to allow tighter packaging
  13. 23. (siRNA) made in a lab and injected into a cell
  14. 26. a type of promoter that specifies for one specific transcription initiation site.
  15. 27. there is a regulatory region that is on the same DNA molecule but upstream of the gene cluster it controls