Renal Physiology Crossword 2025

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Across
  1. 3. Osmolality is preferred to osmolarity; it refers to the number of osmoles due to solutes in kilogram of________. (7)
  2. 8. A countercurrent multiplication and exchange system (similar to that for NaCl) is responsible for the accumulation of ______ in the medullary interstitium. (7) (OTCN 2E P851)
  3. 9. Expanded_____ is the mechanism of the glycosuria B (5)
  4. 11. The inner medullary collecting duct is highly permeable to urea in the presence of ____. (3) (abbrev) (Berne & Levy P606)
  5. 12. Kidneys filter and process entire plasma approximately _____ times a day. (5) (OTCN4E P1738)
  6. 13. The classic Johansen and _____ model for salt reabsorption involves passive entry of Na across apical membranes and extrusion across the basolateral membrane by Na ,K –ATPase. (6) (Schrier’s Diseases of Kidney P 198)
  7. 14. The mechanism od maintenance of the bicarbonate balance is H2CO3_______ H+ secretion. (7) (Best & Taylor)
  8. 16. Regardless type of the nephron the thick ascending limbs are found in______ medulla. (5) (Glassock & Massry)
  9. 17. The NA+K+ATP are on the basolateral membrane maintaining cell Na + concentration at a lower level, which provides a driving force for Na+ entry into the cell. The approximate Na+ gradient between the lumen and cell is ______________ fold. (3) (P 24 Brenner Acid-Base)
  10. 18. Solute extraction from the ascending limb leads to increased interstitial osmolality and water extraction from the descending limb - is generally referred to as the ____ effect. (6)
  11. 20. pH at which acid is half ionized is called____. (2)
  12. 21. NKCC2 is expressed in thick ascending limb and also in _____ _____cells. (6, 5) (Brenner & Rector 11E P250)
  13. 22. Amphotericin B a polyene antifungal, increases the permeability of the luminal membrane to Na in _____ tubule and causes a large rise in net sodium absorption. (8) (Schrier’s Diseases of Kidney P 196)
  14. 23. Any secreted H+ that combines with HCO3 in the lumen to bring about HCO3 reabsorption does ____ contribute to the urinary excretion of acid. (3) (NMS P464)
  15. 25. TmG is used clinically to estimate the number of functional______ (8, plural form)
  16. 26. Before the development of in vitro micro perfusion studies, the ______urimary bladder proved to be an invaluable model for understanding the basis mechanisms of distal nephron acid secretion.(6) (p 29, Brenner Acid-Base)
Down
  1. 1. Major titratable buffer of urine is ______ buffer. (9) (Glassock & Massry P394)
  2. 2. the shape of the podocyte (7) (Schrier’s Diseases of Kidney 9E p5)
  3. 4. A normal person’s kidney is of size of____. (4)
  4. 5. Myogenic autoregulation is also called______ effect. (7) (OTCN 2E p41)
  5. 6. The channel which expels potassium into the lumen in thick ascending limb is ____ (4) (abbreviation)
  6. 7. The classic sequence of diagrams to explain the countercurrent multiplication is given by _____. (5) (LR John P415)
  7. 10. Most of the sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule is by sodium________ exchanger (8) (Deranged Physiology)
  8. 15. The exact amount of sodium absorbed in _____ is said to be "load-dependent"i.e. the tubule will remove 80% of the sodium which gets delivered to it, and the more sodium you deliver, the greater the rate of its removal will become, in order to maintain this 80% ratio. (3) (abbreviation) (Deranged Physiology)
  9. 17. Water impermeable ____ is a critical component of the renal countercurrent multiplication system.(3) (abbrev) (P 170 Brenner & Rector 11E)
  10. 18. Essentially all the H+ within the tubular lumen is from_________ of H+ (9)
  11. 19. Most of the chloride reabsorbed never enters the cell, but reabsorbed through_______. (12)
  12. 20. inhibits Na -glucose cotransport by competing with glucose for its binding site. (9) (Schrier’s Diseases of Kidney 9E P 197)
  13. 24. No sodium is reabsorbed in the ____ _______ limb. (4, 10) (Deranged Physiology)
  14. 27. Half of the medullary interstitium is contributed by_____. (4) (Berne & Levy P606)