Respiratory System: Part A

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Across
  1. 2. Leukocytes found in the alveoli that engulf and destroy microorganisms and particles not removed by cilia, protecting the lungs from infection.
  2. 7. Cells covvering approximately 95% of the alveolar surface area, forming the thin barrier that separates air from blood for gas exchange.
  3. 8. A physiological action involving simultaneous closure of the laryngeal opening by the epiglottis and contraction of abdominal muscles, increasing abdominal pressure to facilitate urination, defecation, and childbirth.
  4. 10. The airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi, with a wall composed of four layers: mucose, submucosa, tracheal cartilage, and adventitia.
  5. 13. A funnel-shaped passageway posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx, divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  6. 14. The branching network of airways from the pulmonary bronchi down to the terminal bronchioles, forming the conducting pathway of the lower respiratory tract.
  7. 16. The process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells, providing oxygen for aerobic ATP production and removing carbon dioxide.
  8. 17. Autonomous units of the lungs encapsulated by connective tissue, each supplied by its own segmental bronchus, pulmonary artery, vein, and lymph vessels. There are 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung.
  9. 18. A structure of the larynx that prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract and participates in the Valsalva maneuver by closing the laryngeal opening.
  10. 19. The region just inside the nostrils, lined by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae.
Down
  1. 1. Cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant, an oily substance that coats the inside of alveoli and prevents their collapse during respiration.
  2. 3. The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, consisting of ciliated epithelium and an underlying lamina propria of areolar connective tissue. It becomes thinner from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.
  3. 4. Epithelia cells that produce mucus containing mucin protein, which increases viscosity and traps dust, dirt, and pollen in the respiratory tract.
  4. 5. Three paired bony projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that produce turbulence in inhaled air and partition the cavity into separate passages called nasal meatuses.
  5. 6. Two serous membranes surrounding the lungs: the visceral pleura, which adheres to the lungs, and the parietal pleura, which lines the interal thoracic walls, mediastinum, and diaphragm.
  6. 9. The pressure within the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes. It is lower than intra-alveolar pressure, which keeps the lungs inflated.
  7. 11. Air-filled spaces within skull bones connected by ducts to the nasal cavity, named for the specific bone in which they are housed. Includes frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.
  8. 12. Tiny air sacs in the lungs, numbering 300 to 400 million per lung, surrounded by pulmonary capillaries and separated by interalveolar septa. They are the primary sites of gas exchange.
  9. 15. Nosebleeds caused by the large number of superficial blood vessels in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity.