Review 1 - Final Test Semester 1 Grade 11

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Across
  1. 3. Organic compounds required in small amounts for various biochemical reactions in the body, often functioning as enzyme cofactors.
  2. 4. A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
  3. 6. An RNA molecule that helps decode mRNA sequences into proteins by bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome.
  4. 8. A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another, linking amino acids in a protein.
  5. 14. A substance that decreases the activity of an enzyme. Can be competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetitive.
  6. 16. The process by which DNA is copied to produce two identical molecules, ensuring genetic information is passed on during cell division.
  7. 19. A type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis.
  8. 20. A protein that accelerates (catalyzes) chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.
  9. 21. A non-protein chemical compound that is required for an enzyme’s activity, often a metal ion or a coenzyme.
  10. 22. A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis.
  11. 24. Non-coding regions of a gene that are transcribed into mRNA but are removed during RNA processing before translation.
  12. 26. The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction.
  13. 27. Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide energy to living organisms. Examples include sugars and starches.
  14. 29. Biological macromolecules (DNA and RNA) made of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information.
  15. 30. The twisted, double-stranded structure of DNA, discovered by Watson and Crick, held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
Down
  1. 1. Chemical modifications (such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or acetylation) that occur to proteins after translation, affecting their function and activity.
  2. 2. The energy required to start a chemical reaction, which enzymes lower to increase the reaction rate.
  3. 5. Polymers made of amino acids that perform a wide variety of functions, including catalysis (enzymes), structure, and transport.
  4. 7. A molecular machine composed of rRNA and proteins that catalyzes the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
  5. 9. Lipids with a phosphate group, essential components of cell membranes, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
  6. 10. The building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that form proteins through peptide bonds.
  7. 11. A group of hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, and phospholipids, that are important for energy storage and membrane structure.
  8. 12. The molecule upon which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
  9. 13. Long chains of monosaccharides that serve as storage forms of energy or structural components, such as starch or cellulose.
  10. 14. A theory describing how the enzyme’s active site adjusts its shape to better fit the substrate once it binds.
  11. 15. The process in which mRNA is used as a template to synthesize proteins at the ribosome.
  12. 17. A small organic molecule (often derived from vitamins) that helps an enzyme perform its catalytic activity.
  13. 18. A double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information in cells, forming the basis of heredity.
  14. 20. The coding regions of a gene that are transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein.
  15. 23. The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, producing messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein synthesis.
  16. 25. Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose) that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
  17. 28. The basic units of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.