REVIEW

3. Converting text or speech from L2 to L1; heavily used in Grammar-Translation but restricted in Direct Methods.
5. Authentic, real-world objects brought into the classroom to provide direct sensory context for language learning.
7. Real-world texts, audio, or materials created for native speakers, not originally designed for language teaching.
9. Any stimulus or consequence in behavioral theory that increases the frequency or strengthens a desired response.
11. In communicative approaches and CLIL, language is viewed not as an isolated subject, but as a ______ for expressing meaning.
13. Type of conditioning (Skinner) where behavior is modified through consequences, rewards, or punishments.
16. A core, goal-oriented activity in TBL where language is used as a tool to achieve a concrete, real-world outcome.
17. Physical actions or gestures executed by learners during Total Physical Response (TPR) activities.
19. Piagetian process where existing cognitive schemas are modified or created to fit new experience or information.
20. Blended learning model (______ learning) where students learn content at home and engage in active practice in class.

1. Collocations, fixed expressions, or formulaic phrases stored and retrieved as single units (lexical ______).
2. The ultimate goal of CLT: to exchange meaningful messages and interact effectively in context.
4. Pre-existing mental structures or units of background knowledge that help learners organize and interpret new information.
6. Short, targeted evaluations (______ checks) used in self-paced frameworks to verify understanding before a student advances.
8. The situational, social, or linguistic environment surrounding language that gives words and utterances clear meaning.
10. Type of conditioning (Pavlov) based on involuntary responses triggered by associated stimuli.
12. Bulgarian psychiatrist who developed Suggestopedia, emphasizing relaxation, comfortable environments, and classical music.
14. Information provided to students regarding performance, essential for error correction and skill development.
15. Type of learning (Ausubel) where new knowledge is consciously connected to prior concepts, rather than memorized by rote.
18. Repetitive oral exercises used in structural methods (like Audiolingualism) to build speech habits through repetition.