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Across
  1. 1. rain Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.
  2. 3. resources Natural resources that can be converted into energy
  3. 5. manufacturing regions Locations known for a concentrated amount of manufacturing. The world's major manufacturing regions are found in North American, Europe, and East Asia, though other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.
  4. 9. costs costs that remain constant as output changes
  5. 10. of scale a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.
  6. 12. line a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
  7. 13. rent theory geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
  8. 14. A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.
  9. 16. efficiency Refers to the positive or negative aspects of each type of transportation.
  10. 17. Sectors "sections" of an economy. The three sectors are the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.
  11. 19. pollution Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air
  12. 20. A collection of businesses with a common line of products or services
  13. 21. The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.
  14. 22. point A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.
  15. 23. serving to complete something
Down
  1. 2. water usage The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid
  2. 4. industry manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
  3. 6. pole an urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by a measure of investment support, will stimulate regional economic development in its hinterland
  4. 7. process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
  5. 8. advantage the ability of an individual, a firm, or a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors
  6. 11. Location Theory Alfred Weber, the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs, variable-cost framework that affects location of factory sites
  7. 12. economies (syn. external economies) The savings to an individual enterprise derived for locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.
  8. 15. industrial heartland Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centered in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.
  9. 17. processing zones (EPZs) zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
  10. 18. Revolution A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.