Revolution and Radical Change Terms

Across

2. The practice of growing different crops in the same area in sequential seasons. It helps to maintain soil fertility and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
3. An ethical theory that suggests the best action is the one that maximized overall happiness or pleasure. It is often associated with the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number.
5. A Scottish-American Industrialist and philanthropist who played a key role in the expansion of the American steel industry.
6. An economic system in which prices, production, and distribution of goods and services are determined by competition in an open market, without government interference.
8. An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. It aims to reduce economic inequality and promote social welfare.
12. Overcrowded and often unsanitary apartment buildings, typically in urban areas, that housed large numbers of people, especially immigrants.
14. In Marxist theory, the working class that sells its labor for wages. The proletariat is contrasted with the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) and is seen as having the potential to bring about social change.
16. An engine that uses the power of steam to produce mechanical work.
20. A Welsh industrialist and social reformer who believed in the idea of utopian socialism. He sought to create ideal communities where workers could live and work in improved conditions.
22. A mechanical device invented by Jethro Tull that allowed farmers to sow seeds in a controlled and efficient manner, improving crop yield and planning efficiency.
24. An American business magnate who founded the Standard Oil Company and became one of the wealthiest individuals in history.
27. A series of innovations in farming and agriculture that occurred in the 18th century, including new farming techniques, crop rotation, and the use of new tools and machinery.
30. An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the marketplace, allowing natural economic forces to operate freely.
31. A social class consisting of people who perform manual or industrial work and often have lower socioeconomic status.
35. An English economist and demographer known for his theory that population growth tends to outstip the means of subsistence, leading to inevitable checks on population such as famine and disease.
37. An English philosopher and social reformer who was a key figure in the development of utilitarianism. He advocated for legal and social reforms based on the principle of maximizing happiness.
38. A German philosopher, social scientist, and collaborator with Karl Marx. Together they co-wrote “The Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital,” laying the foundation for modern communism.
40. An immigration station in New York Harbor where millions of European immigrants were processed between 1892 and 1954.
41. A period of significant economic, technological, and social change that began in the late 18th century. It marked the transition from agrarian and handicraft-based economies to industrial and machine-based manufacturing.
42. Residential areas located on the outskirts of cities, often characterized by lower population density and a mix of residential and commercial zones.

Down

1. A mechanized loom powered by water, which significantly increased the speed and efficiency of weaving.
4. A German philosopher, economist, and political theorist who, with Friedrich Engels, developed the theory of communism. His ideas heavily influenced the labor movement and the development of socialist and communist movements.
7. The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms, often enclosed by fences or hedges.
9. The sector of the economy involved in the production of textiles, such as fabrics and clothing.
10. An American inventor and businessman known for his contributions to the development of the electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera.
11. A social class comprising individuals with intermediate levels of wealth, education, and social standing.
13. A socio-economic and political ideology advocating for a classless and stateless society where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled. According to Marx and Engels, it represents the final stage of historical development.
15. An invention by John Kay that increased the speed of weaving by allowing a single weaver to operate a loom with greater efficiency.
17. Individuals who take financial risks to start and manage new businesses with the goal of making a profit.
18. A steam-powered vehicle designed to transport goods and passengers on railways.
19. A machine invented by Eli Whitney that mechanized the separation of cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing the cotton industry.
21. A manufacturing process in which products are assembled in a sequential and efficient manner, often using conveyor belts and specialized workers.
23. A boat that uses the power of steam to produce mechanical work.
25. A device used for spinning fibers (such as wool or cotton) into yarn or thread.
26. People who move from one country to another with the intention of settling in the new country.
28. The process of population concentration in urban areas, often associated with the growth of cities.
29. An American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, known for introducing assembly line production to the automobile industry.
32. A Scottish economist and philosopher known for his influential work, “The Wealth of Nations,” which laid the foundation for classical economics and the concept of the invisible hand.
33. Organizations formed by workers to protect and promote their interests, including better working conditions, wages, and benefits.
34. A method for making steel by blasting air through molten iron to remove impurities.
36. Hierarchical divisions within society based on factors such as wealth, occupation, and social status.
39. Wealth in the form of money or assets that can be invested in businesses or used to generate income.