Roman Provinces Review

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Across
  1. 2. (1st Century CE - Early Empire) Rome consolidated the Rhine frontier into the provinces ________ Superior (Upper Rhine) and Inferior (Lower Rhine) from military occupation zones, rather than newly conquered lands / one of the most heavily militarized frontiers of the empire - where Rome developed and standardized Rhine frontier (limes) defense systems and permanent legionary fortresses (castra) / some of Rome’s most famous legions stationed there - these legions could make emperors, as the region produced major imperial crises including the “Year of Four Emperors” (69 CE) and the Batavian Revolt (69-70 CE) / Roman-German culture heavily blended, as mixed settlements grew along the Rhine
  2. 6. (40-44 CE - Early Empire) annexed after the assasination of King Ptolemy of Mauretania (a distant relative to the ruling family of Egypt) on Caligula’s orders / divided into ________ Tingitana and ________ Caesariensis / controlled key sea lanes along the North African coast / parts later taken by the Vandals in the 5th century and the Arabs in the 7th-8th centuries
  3. 8. (46 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) North African inland kingdom and later province btw. Africa Proconsularis and Mauretania / originally ruled by client kings (Juba I and Juba II) before its gradual absorption into the Roman Empire after the defeat of Numidian and Pompeian resistance - North Africa became one of the final major bases of resistance for Pompey’s faction during Caesar’s civil war / famous for its light calvary and horsebreeding / secondary agricultural zone and a frontier province btw. the coastal Roman cities and the desert interior
  4. 10. (238 BCE - Early Republic) Rome annexed these Western Mediterranean islands by force after the First Punic War / frequent rebellions against Rome / conquered by the Vandals in the late 5th century CE
  5. 12. (121 BCE - 2nd Century BCE Expansion) annexed after Roman intervened to protect Massalia - a Greek trading colony closely allied with Rome / located in what is now southern France, its strategic frontier connected Italy to Hispania / conquered by the Visigoths and the Franks in the 5th century CE
  6. 16. (58 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) the populist tribune Clodius proposed annexation of this island - he sent Cato who peacefully deposed the king, a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who had allegedly supported piracy / one of Rome’s most important metal-producing regions - rich in copper deposits / strong agricultural economy with the production of grain, olive oil, and timber / the Byzantines and the Umayyads shared control of the island during the 7th century
  7. 17. (27 BCE - Early Empire) province that covered mainland Greece and parts of the southern Balkans / originally brought under Roman control after the defeat of the Achaean League in 146 BCE, when Greek resistance against Roman influence led to the destruction of Corinth, and later reorganized as a senatorial province in 27 BCE / culturally prestigious region of the empire known for its Greek urban centers, philosophy, and education rather than its military importance
  8. 18. (46 CE - Early Empire) transitioned from a Roman client kingdom to a province, when instability in the Odrysian royal line made indirect rule unreliable / previously governed by dependent kings who acted as buffers btw. Rome and northern tribes / annexed under Claudius to secure the Balkan corridor and strengthen the Danube frontier system / remained under Roman and Byzantine control until the Ottoman conquest of the 14th-15th centuries CE
  9. 20. (43 CE - Early Empire) two separate regions in southern Anatolia - both culturally Greek / combined into a single province under Claudius / important to trade and naval routes in the eastern Mediterranean / remained under Byzantine control until the Seljuk Turkish expansion of the 11th-13th centuries
  10. 23. (16-15 BCE - Early Empire) after maintaining friendly relations with Rome and often acting as allies, this independent Celtic kingdom was peacefully annexed by Augustus / like Raetia, this province formed a buffer btw. Italy and the Danube frontier / known for its iron production, as well as its high-quality Noric steel / lost during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century
  11. 25. (27 BCE - Early Empire) created by Augustus to secure the western Balkan region along the Adriatic coast - combined Upper ________ (later Dalmatia) and Lower ________ (later Pannonia) / one of Rome’s most important military recruitment zones / defeated by Rome in a series of campaigns that culminated in the Great Illyrian Revolt (6-9 CE), which was barely suppressed by Tiberius - Augustus’ stepson and the leading general in the Balkans - and contributed to the division of the province into Dalmatia and Pannonia in 9 CE
  12. 27. (30 BCE - Early Empire) Latin for Egypt / annexed after Octavian’s defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium / placed under Octavian’s personal authority w/ the div. btw. senatorial and imperial provinces - a key part of the First Constitutional Settlement that gave Octavian, restyled as Augustus, control of nearly all of the Rome’s armies / one of two major breadbaskets of the Roman Empire / Egyptians had little power and Greek-speaking elites filled many administrative positions / briefly conquered by the Sasanians and invaded by Arab Muslim armies in the 7th century
  13. 28. (6 CE – Early Empire) located in the Levant and centered on Jerusalem / originally a client kingdom under Herod the Great, an important ally of Augustus who secured Rome’s eastern frontier - due to internal unrest and succession disputes, the kingdom was placed under direct Roman administration after Herod’s death / repeated revolts against Roman rule, including the Great Jewish Revolt (66-73 CE - resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem) and later uprisings / after the Bar Kohkba Revolt (132-136 CE) led to the establishment of a short-lived independent Jewish state, its defeat led to the significant depopulation of Judea, Jerusalem being rebuilt as the Roman colony of Aelia Capitolina, and the province being renamed Syria-Palestine in order to weaken Jewish political identity in connection w/ the land
  14. 30. (133 BCE - 2nd Century BCE Expansion) to avoid a succession crisis or civil war, King Attalus III of Pergamon left his kingdom to Rome in his will / this inherited territory in western Anatolia was organized as the Roman province of ________ - known for its extremely wealthy tax base and agricultural production
  15. 31. (198 CE) annexed by Septimius Severus after campaigns against the Parthian Empire / heavily militarized and unstable frontier province - more of a recurring warzone w/ no natural barriers and an exposed, flat frontier btw. the two superpowers - Rome and Parthia
  16. 32. (11 CE - Early Empire) this province, which shares territory w/ modern Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Serbia, controlled the sea routes of the Adriatic - the “back door” to Italy / formed from the division of earlier Illyrian territories / heavily militarized frontier region that supplied large numbers of soldiers
Down
  1. 1. (148 BCE - 2nd Century BCE Expansion) Rome defeated the Antigonid kingdom and gradually established control over Greece and the Balkans / Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Eastern Mediterranean after annexing this province
  2. 3. (64 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) annexed by Pompey Magnus after he deposed the last Seleucid ruler / extremely wealthy province that controlled major trade routes from India, Arabia, Persia, and Central Asia - goods were traded through Syrian cities before moving to the Mediterranean / its capital - Antioch - was one of the largest cities in the empire and one of the most influential centers of Christianity / conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 630s CE
  3. 4. (106 CE - Height of Empire) earlier wars led to Rome paying tribute/subsidies to this northern kingdom - unusual as Rome was effectively buying peace for a time / conquered by Trajan in two major wars against the fortified mountain strongholds of King Decebalus, who frequently raided south of the Danube into Roman territory / extremely rich in gold and mineral resources / abandoned under Aurelian in 271 CE
  4. 5. (241 BCE - Early Republic) Rome’s first overseas province / taken from Carthage at the end of the First Punic War / mass grain exports to Rome - the “breadbasket of the Republic” contributed to Rome’s growing population
  5. 7. (17 CE - Early Empire) Tiberius converted this client kingdom in central Anatolia into a Roman province after the death of its last king, Archelaus / known for its hybrid frontier culture - Iranian, Greco-Roman, and Christian influences / controlled important trade routes and served as a buffer against Armenia and Parthia / lost after the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 CE
  6. 9. (106 CE - Height of Empire) province located mostly in what is now Jordan / annexed after the death of the last Nabataean King Rabbel II (Nabatea was a wealthy Arab kingdom that built the rock-cut city of Petra) / controlled key caravan trade routes / remained under Roman and Byzantine control until the Islamic conquests of the 7th century
  7. 11. (74-63 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) acquired after the death of King Nicomedes IV, who left his kingdom to Rome, and Pompey Magnus’ defeat of King Mithridates VI / heavily militarized frontier province in northern Anatolia - controlled key trade routes in the Black Sea / remained under Roman and later Byzantine control until the Seljuk and later Ottoman expansion
  8. 13. (15 BCE - Early Empire) mountainous region btw. Italy and the upper Danube RIver, which became one of the empire’s principal frontiers / conquered by Augustus’ stepsons - Drusus and Tiberius - in order to secure Alpine passes connecting Italy and Central Europe / lost during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century
  9. 14. (6 CE - Early Empire) province along the southern bank of the Danube River (modern Serbia and Bulgaria) / formed through the consolidation of Roman military control during the Augustan expansion into the Balkans / as part of Rome’s Danubian frontier system, it became one of the empire’s most heavily militarized and contested provinces / faced repeated invasions and pressure from Goths, Huns, and other migrating groups during the 3rd–5th centuries CE
  10. 15. (67 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) island was used as a pirate base before being conquered by the consul Metellus, an opponent of Pompey Magnus / Rome inherited the coastal region of North Africa from a Ptolemaic prince, who ruled this semi-independent kingdom / Arabs conquered the latter in the 7th century and the former in the 9th century
  11. 16. (64 BCE - 2nd Century BCE Expansion) after the decline of the Seleucids, Pompey Magnus conquered this infamous pirate base and reorganized the region under Roman control / this important coastal province in SE Anatolia controlled the sea lanes to Syria and the eastern Mediterranean / remained under Roman and later Byzantine control until the rise of the Islamic caliphates in the 7th century CE
  12. 19. (9 CE - Early Empire) province bounded by the Danube River that incorporated parts of modern Hungary, Austria, Croatia, and Serbia / formed from the division of earlier Illyrian territories / overrun by Huns and Ostrogoths during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century
  13. 21. (146 BCE - 2nd Century BCE Expansion) Rome destroyed Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War and reorganized its territory into the province of ________ Proconsularis / exported grain and olive oil / fertile coastal plains w/ latifundia that used enslaved labor / conquered by the Vandals in the early 5th century CE
  14. 22. (114-116 CE - Height of Empire) briefly annexed after Trajan’s eastern campaigns against the Parthians, but restored as a client kingdom by his successor, Hadrian / controlled important trade and military routes / remained a contested buffer state between Rome and Persia - its throne often changed hands through foreign influence and it was a constant flashpoint for war btw. the two superpowers
  15. 24. (197 BCE - Early Republic) ________ Citerior and Ulterior / annexed by Rome after defeating Carthage in the Second Punic War / rich mining region - gold, silver, copper, iron / conquered by the Visigoths in the late 5th century CE
  16. 26. (58-50 BCE - Late Republic Expansion) Latin for Gaul / conquered by Julius Caesar - provided soldiers, slaves, and agricultural land, as well as security for Rome’s northern frontier / after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, most of Gaul came under Frankish rule
  17. 29. (43 CE - Early Empire) before annexation, Rome relied on client kings to control parts of this island indirectly / the full conquest of this province started under Claudius, who needed a military victory to legitimize his rule / notably, Wales and Scotland were never fully conquered - this led to major frontier projects like Hadrian’s Wall / Boudica’s uprising (60-61 CE) nearly broke Roman control / Emperor Honorius told the Romano-British cities to “look to their own defense” (c. 410 CE)