Science and technology and nation building

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Across
  1. 2. - the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
  2. 4. - Filipino intellectuals and educated elite during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often advocates for reform or independence from Spanish colonial rule.
  3. 5. - a Filipino ceremonial headdress or crown, often worn during special occasions or celebrations.
  4. 7. - a noble title or leader in pre-colonial Filipino society, often referring to a tribal chief or ruler.
  5. 10. - Filipino for "blood compact," referring to a traditional ritual where two parties mix their blood as a sign of friendship or agreement.
  6. 12. emancipation - the process of gaining freedom and equal rights through democratic means.
  7. 15. - traditional Filipino carts or carriages, usually pulled by water buffalo (carabao) or horses.
  8. 17. - Filipino for "picture" or "image."
  9. 18. - a communist guerrilla movement in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation and post-World War II period.
  10. 19. food - food that is quickly prepared and served for immediate consumption, often associated with convenience and affordability.
  11. 21. - the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or economic control.
  12. 23. - a Filipino dish made by marinating meat (often chicken or pork) in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and spices, then stewed until tender.
  13. 25. - Filipino for "legend" or "folklore," often referring to traditional stories explaining natural phenomena or the origins of things.
  14. 28. - large sailing ships used for long-distance trade and exploration, commonly associated with the Spanish colonial era.
  15. 32. - a traditional Filipino poetic debate usually performed in verse, popularized by Francisco Balagtas.
  16. 33. - a mythical creature or monster in Filipino folklore, often depicted as a shape-shifter or vampire-like being.
  17. 35. - a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to the government.
  18. 36. - an ancient Filipino boat used for sea travel and trade, dating back to pre-colonial times.
  19. 38. - wide and landscaped avenues or streets, often found in urban areas for leisure and transportation purposes.
  20. 39. - a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.
  21. 41. - a term used during the Spanish colonial period to refer to native Filipinos.
  22. 42. - a traditional Filipino dish made from beef or carabao (water buffalo) meat, typically dried and shredded.
  23. 43. - a social class in pre-colonial Filipino society, often referring to the warrior class or nobility.
  24. 45. – tibaw - Filipino mourning rituals and prayers performed during wakes or funerals.
  25. 47. - a term used to describe the influence and power of the Spanish friars (frail) during the colonial period in the Philippines.
  26. 48. - Spaniards born in the Philippines or descendants of Spanish settlers.
  27. 49. - the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods and services.
Down
  1. 1. - Spaniards born in Spain, often holding high-ranking positions in the colonial administration.
  2. 3. - the act of establishing control over a territory and its people, often by a foreign power.
  3. 6. - a Spanish colonial policy of resettling indigenous communities into centralized villages or towns.
  4. 8. - an amulet or charm believed to provide protection or special powers, often associated with Filipino folk magic or superstition.
  5. 9. - a pre-colonial Filipino deity, often associated with creation, the sky, and the heavens.
  6. 11. trade - the maritime trade route between Spain and its colonies in the Americas and Asia, primarily using large sailing ships called galleons.
  7. 13. trade - the exchange of goods and services between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.
  8. 14. - a member of a small, independent fighting force, often using unconventional tactics in warfare.
  9. 15. - a type of Filipino sailing vessel, often used for trade or warfare.
  10. 16. - a Filipino term for a town crier or herald.
  11. 20. - a traditional Filipino farming method involving slash-and-burn agriculture.
  12. 22. - large-caliber weapons used in warfare, such as cannons or mortars.
  13. 24. - a traditional Filipino sailing boat with colorful sails, commonly used for fishing or transportation in the southern Philippines.
  14. 26. - an ancient script used in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spanish, also known as the Baybayin script.
  15. 27. time - a period without war or conflict.
  16. 29. - a mythical bird in Filipino folklore, often depicted in art and crafts.
  17. 30. - Spanish for "head," often referring to a leader or chief.
  18. 31. - designs or markings made by inserting ink into the skin, often for decorative or symbolic purposes.
  19. 34. - an ancient Indic language of India, used as a literary and religious language in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, including the Philippines.
  20. 36. - a Filipino cultural value of communal unity and cooperation, often depicted as neighbors helping each other move houses or accomplish tasks.
  21. 37. - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry and commerce.
  22. 40. - a traditional Filipino alcoholic beverage made from fermented coconut sap.
  23. 44. - a Filipino tradition where the groom's family formally asks the bride's family for her hand in marriage.
  24. 46. - the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.