Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment

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Across
  1. 4. Leading philosophe who published the Encyclopedia, a compilation of essays and articles from many leading scholars; though censored, the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people throughout Europe.
  2. 5. The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize various ideas and customs in a way that is powerful, but not preachy
  3. 9. English mathematician and scientist who discovered the law of universal gravitation, the idea that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and space
  4. 11. English political philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property; emphasized that the purpose of government is to protect natural rights
  5. 16. A large published collection of articles and essays from leading Enlightenment era scholars; helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe; provoked the anger of the French government and the Catholic
  6. 17. French mathematician who called for a rejection of old assumptions in favor of using math and logic; believed everything should be doubted and proved by reason; "I think, therefore I am."
  7. 20. The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government; intended to prevent any individual or group from gaining control of the government
  8. 24. A logical approach for gathering and testing ideas; involves identifying a problem or question through observation, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions based on observations or data
  9. 27. Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs; business should operate with little or no interference from government
  10. 30. Informal social gathering at which writers, artists, scientists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas during the Enlightenment
  11. 31. Long held belief that the Earth was the center of the Universe; the idea that the sun, moon, and the planets all moved in circular paths around the Earth
  12. 32. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers as well as for checks and balances between the branches of government
  13. 33. An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by extravagant, ornate, or over-the-top design; utilized dark shadows, robust individuals, and movement; emphasized Catholicism and monarchy
  14. 34. An artistic style of the late 1700s in Europe reflecting simplicity and elegance based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome; emphasized civic duty and love of country; inspiration behind the Capitol and Jefferson Memorial
Down
  1. 1. A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately lead many to question long-held established doctrinal beliefs
  2. 2. A system by which each branch of government limits power of other branches; prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power
  3. 3. Enlightenment thinker who emphasized the equality of all persons, that the general will of the people should be expressed through a system of direct democracy, and that restrictions on the people should be minimal
  4. 6. An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular (non-religious), featured landscape scenes, depicted the nobility at leisure; light, superficial, and highly criticized by philosophes
  5. 7. An economic policy under which nations sought be self sufficient, ultimately selling more goods than they bought to increase their wealth and power
  6. 8. English politician and writer who called on scholars to question the conclusions of ancient thinkers; urged scientists to rely on data from experimentation (empiricism), rather than reasoning from abstract theories
  7. 10. Italian astronomer and mathematician who constructed a telescope to study the stars; supported the heliocentric theory based on his observations, but later recanted under threat of torture by the church
  8. 12. Empress of Russia and Enlightened despot who supported religious tolerance and opposed torture; few actual reforms were implemented in Russia and a peasant revolt was violently crushed leading to a strengthening of serfdom
  9. 13. Ruler of Prussia and Enlightened despot who believed a ruler should act like a father to his people and a "servant of the state;" promoted religious freedom, reduced censorship, abolished torture; while opposed to serfdom, he tolerated it for fear of upsetting the nobility
  10. 14. The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun; proposed by Copernicus and supported by Kepler and Galileo
  11. 15. Born with rights that include life, liberty, and property; according to Locke, they are to be protected by the government
  12. 18. An intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason and the power of individuals to solve problems; represented a pursuit of new insight into underlying beliefs regarding government, religion, economics, and education
  13. 19. A group of "radical" French thinkers who emphasized applying human reason to address problems in all aspects of life
  14. 21. Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideals and introduced various reforms, though without any intention of giving up personal power
  15. 22. French economic thinkers who emphasized economic reforms based on natural law; opposed mercantilism and embraced laissez-faire
  16. 23. Rules discoverable by reason, governed by forces such as gravity and magnetism.
  17. 25. Restriction on access to ideas and information
  18. 26. Hapsburg Emperor of Austria and Enlightened despot who traveled in disguise among his population to better relate to their problems; supported freedom of the press and of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor; his reforms were opposed by nobles and cancelled following his death
  19. 28. English political philosopher who emphasized that people were naturally selfish and wicked; argued that people voluntarily handed over their rights to an all powerful monarch tasked with the role of maintaining order and protecting them from one another
  20. 29. French philosopher who encouraged freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and the right to practice one's faith free of persecution; exiled for a time as a result of his ideas