Scientists and Invention

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Across
  1. 3. may be categorized as idiophones, instruments sounding by the vibration of resonant solid material, and more broadly as percussion instruments."
  2. 4. Founded quantum theory with his proposal that hot objects radiate only certain allowed values of energy, all of which are multiples of a number now called the Planck constant – all other values of energy are forbidden.
  3. 7. a genius whose philosophical ideas are still taught, but his contribution to science retarded progress for almost two millennia.
  4. 8. was one of the first human inventions to capture mechanical energy and was used to help grind corn. In modern times, the water wheel was improved to drive an hydraulic turbine.
  5. 10. The 20th century’s most influential psychologist; pioneered the science of behaviorism; discovered the power of positive reinforcement in learning; designed the first psychological experiments producing quantitatively repeatable results.
  6. 12. They are most commonly used for rapid reheating of previously-cooked foods and rapid heating of slowly-prepared cooking items, such as melting chocolates or butter. Any modern kitchen would be incomplete without this amazing and helpful machine.
  7. 14. Discovered the neutron and led the British scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project.
  8. 17. Author of Conversations on Chemistry, a unique textbook for its time written for people with little formal education, such as girls and the poor. The book inspired Michael Faraday to overcome his poor origins to become a great scientist.
  9. 20. Proved that every element’s identity is uniquely determined by its number of protons establishing the true organizing principle of the periodic table; correctly predicted the existence of four new chemical elements; invented the atomic battery.
  10. 21. (1862) Alexander Parkes (England) Parkes demonstrated a plastic which was made from heated cellulose and moulded into a shape. Other important developments include 1908 – Cellophane – Jacques E. Brandenberger.
  11. 24. An instrument which measures vertical distance with respect to a reference level.
  12. 25. (1859) Edwin Drake (US) Modern drilling and refinement of oil into petrol began around the middle of the Nineteenth Century. It enabled petrol to be used as a fuel in the internal combustion engine.
  13. 29. The father of nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics; discovered and named the atomic nucleus, the proton, the alpha particle, and the beta particle; discovered the concept of nuclear half-lives; achieved the first laboratory transformation of one element into another.
  14. 30. changed the way we think about science, showing that scientific theories could only be tested by falsification. His hypothetico-deductive model of the scientific method has largely replaced the older deductive and inductive models.
  15. 31. Authored one of the most famous books in history, On the Origin of Species, in which he described and provided evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection.
  16. 32. Father of the industrial revolution; radically improved the steam engine; invented high pressure steam engines; independently discovered latent heat; invented the world’s first copying machine.
  17. 34. Started the scientific revolution with his book The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, explaining his belief that the solar system is centered on the sun, not on the earth.
  18. 35. Whitens teeth, removes tattoos, corrects vision, scans groceries, tracks missiles.
  19. 36. Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistry; discovered Gay-Lussac’s Law relating gases’ temperature, volume, and pressure; discovered the law of partial gas pressures.
  20. 38. becomes the first in a new class of FDA-approved antidepressants called "selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors," which block the reabsorption of the mood-elevating neurotransmitter serotonin, thereby prolonging its effects.
  21. 39. this chemical explosive, invented in China in the 9th century, has been a major factor in military technology (and, by extension, in wars that changed the course of human history).
  22. 40. this navigational device has been a major force in human exploration. The earliest compasses were made of lodestone in China between 300 and 200 B.C.
Down
  1. 1. the oldest invention, and no-one is exactly certain when it was invented, but it emerged in different regions independently. It enabled quicker transportation by chariots and pack drawn animal carriages.
  2. 2. This boring set of black and white lines was developed by Norman Woodland, but they can be found on almost every single item in the grocery store. At first glance, it seems hard to see how they could possibly make any impact on the world, but they have fundamentally changed the way we shop.
  3. 5. Founded quantum mechanics when he remodeled the atom so electrons occupied ‘allowed’ orbits around the nucleus while all other orbits were forbidden; architect of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
  4. 6. (1839) Louis Daguerre a French innovator spent many years developing the process of photography. In 1839, he made the first camera which enable a permanent photograph to be taken. In 1889, George Eastman invented the flexible role of film which enabled photography to be much more practical.
  5. 9. founded the sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics, calculated pi precisely devised the law of exponents, created new geometrical proofs, invented numerous ingenious mechanical devices and more.
  6. 11. One of the greatest philosophers of all time; advocate of skepticism in the scientific method; creator of new mathematical ideas including the independent founding of analytical geometry. Cartesian coordinates are named in his honor.
  7. 13. (1800) Voltaic Pile. Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist developed the first battery which gave a steady current using alternative layers of copper and zinc. Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949.
  8. 15. Wilbur and Orville Wright invented the manned engined ________, which they patented as a "flying machine." Learn about other aviation related innovations.
  9. 16. Began his practice as a physician to gladiators and established a link between diet and health. Galen created a flawed doctrine that dominated Western and Arab medicine for 1,500 years.
  10. 18. inventor of the metal detector, the telephone, and the photophone- the first device to carry the human voice using light.
  11. 19. (1824) English inventor, Joseph Aspdin developed hydraulic cement, which used a mix of limestone, clay and aggregate.
  12. 22. Discovered the electron; invented one of the most powerful tools in analytical chemistry – the mass spectrometer; obtained the first evidence for isotopes of stable elements.
  13. 23. One of the most famous board games of all time, responsible for endless hours of wholesome family fun and/or devastating family arguments, was invented by Elizabeth Magie in 1904 under the original name The Landlord's Game.
  14. 26. The father of modern microbiology; transformed chemistry and biology with his discovery of mirror-image molecules; discovered anaerobic bacteria; established the germ theory of disease; invented food preservation by pasteurization.
  15. 27. Produces insulin, creates vaccines, clones sheep, increases shelf life of tomatoes, manipulates human cells to prevent disease.
  16. 28. (105) Tsai Lun – Lun was an official in the Chinese civil service. He reported and developed its use in recording the business of the Chinese state.
  17. 33. invented vector analysis and founded the sciences of modern statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics.
  18. 37. The earliest known use of this very simple but super-useful metal fastener dates back to Ancient Egypt, about 3400 B.C. If you are more partial to screws, they’ve been around since Ancient Greeks (1st or 2nd century B.C.).