Sensation and Perecption

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Across
  1. 2. Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement.
  2. 5. The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
  3. 6. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
  4. 8. The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
  5. 11. The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
  6. 13. The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with serial processing.
  7. 15. The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
  8. 16. A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
  9. 19. In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches that frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
  10. 21. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
  11. 29. The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
  12. 33. The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.
  13. 34. Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.
  14. 35. Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
  15. 36. A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
  16. 37. Hearing Loss Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
  17. 38. A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
  18. 39. The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea, containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum of the cochlea's oval window.
  19. 41. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
  20. 44. The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
  21. 47. Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
  22. 49. An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
  23. 50. Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
  24. 53. A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance-the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object
  25. 57. The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response.
  26. 58. The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
  27. 59. The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
  28. 60. The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing visual information.
  29. 61. Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
Down
  1. 1. Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves; also called deafness.
  2. 3. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
  3. 4. The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
  4. 7. Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
  5. 9. The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
  6. 10. A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
  7. 12. The minimum simulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
  8. 14. An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
  9. 16. The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  10. 17. The focusing of conscious awareness on as particular stimulus.
  11. 18. Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
  12. 19. The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
  13. 20. The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.
  14. 22. In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
  15. 23. The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
  16. 24. The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).
  17. 25. Failing to notice changes in the environment.
  18. 26. The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allow them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
  19. 27. Conversion from one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can detect.
  20. 28. The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.
  21. 30. In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
  22. 31. Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
  23. 32. The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
  24. 40. The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
  25. 42. The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
  26. 43. A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
  27. 45. Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
  28. 46. The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.
  29. 48. The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  30. 51. The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
  31. 52. The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs.
  32. 54. The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.
  33. 55. The sense or act of hearing
  34. 56. The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.