Speaking discourse and lexis

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Across
  1. 4. Reference to something that occurs earlier in the text; often achieved through use of pronouns or lexical chains. E.g. in the text 'Singapore is on the sea. It shares a border with Malaysia', It refers back to Singapore
  2. 6. the concept that words can have many meanings, especially in different contexts. For example, book can refer to something that we read (read a book), it can mean to make a reservation (book a restaurant) and it can be used in sport to refer to when a referee makes note of a player's name because they have committed some offence in a game (book a player).
  3. 8. A term for an 'umbrella' item of lexis which subsumes a range of more specific items, e.g. fruit in relation to apple, orange, pear
  4. 12. Using either pre-existing knowledge/information/experience or of discourse or topic/culture/social norms to understand (reading/listening) texts. It is contrasted with bottom-up processing (where the reader is decoding the language itself)
  5. 13. In spoken English is it mainly situational (affecting people and things in the immediate situation), and frequently involves the omission of personal subjects. It occurs across many speech genres and in almost all cases marks a degree of informality between speakers.
  6. 15. The smallest unit of meaning. Words consist of morphemes. The word car has one morpheme. The word drinkable has two (drink able) and the word unthinkable has three (un think able).
  7. 16. This refers to noises (which are not full words) and short verbal responses made by listeners which acknowledge the incoming talk and react to it, without wishing to take over the speaking turn.
  8. 17. Reference to something that occurs later in the text; often achieved through use of pronouns or lexical chains e.g. in the sentence That's what it is- a nuisance, That refers forward to nuisance.
Down
  1. 1. Reference to something that is outside the text; often achieved through pronouns or demonstrative adjectives, e.g. in the sentence 'Pass me that piece of paper, will you?' ‘that' is exophoric, referring to something in the speakers surroundings
  2. 2. Bottom-up processing makes use of the information present in the input to understand a reading/listening text. The reader/listener is decoding the language itself (i.e. phonemes, words, utterances).
  3. 3. In conversation analysis, a two-part exchange in which the second utterance is functionally dependent on the first, as exhibited in conventional greetings, invitations and requests. It is a type of turn-taking and is the smallest unit of conversational exchange.
  4. 5. This term describes what may be termed the orientational features of language as it involves words which point backwards and forwards in a text as well as outside the text to a wider extra-textual context. For example, words like this/that/ these/those locate an utterance in relation to space and to the speaker's sense of closeness or involvement with something. Words like now and then relate to the current moment of utterance and words like we/you/they/him relate to who is speaking, who is present, who is excluded.
  5. 7. Used to describe words that share the same quality, for example, sheep, cows, horses, dogs, cats because they share the quality of being animals
  6. 9. The morphological process of adding a bound morpheme to the stem of a word, either at the end or at the beginning. This modifies the word's meaning and/or changes its word class, e.g. adding –ful (suffix) to use or un- (prefix) to tidy
  7. 10. It refers to how words form grammatical patterns with other words. For example, the pattern ‘in the’ is part of many patterns but not all. We can say in the end, in the beginning, in the middle, but we cannot say in the start or in the day.
  8. 11. The smallest meaningful unit in a language which cannot stand on its own. It may change the word class or meaning of a word. E.g. prefixes (dis-, im- ), suffixes (-ly, -al) or inflections (-s, -ing).
  9. 14. The tendency of a word or expression to always occur in a particular kind of situation. The idiom pass the buck (meaning to pass the responsibility to someone else) is always used in negative contexts.