STATISTICS TERMINOLOGY

2. sampling – Selecting every k-th element from an ordered population (e.g., k = N/n).
7. sampling – Choosing a sample based on accessibility rather than probability.
9. – A collection of values (x₁, x₂, ..., xₙ) representing observations or measurements.
10. sampling – Selecting elements to meet predefined proportions of specific categories.
11. statistics – The branch of statistics that deals with organizing, summarizing, and presenting data using numerical measures (e.g., mean, median, standard deviation) and visual tools (e.g., tables, graphs, charts) to describe its main features.
13. – The entire set of elements (N) from which data can be drawn.
15. – A numerical value (e.g., μ, σ) that describes a characteristic of a population.
16. frame – A list of all possible sample elements from the population.
18. sampling – The population is divided into strata, and random samples are taken from each stratum proportionally.
19. – The process of selecting a representative subset (n) from a population (N).
20. statistics – The branch of statistics that uses data from a sample to make predictions, estimations, or generalizations about a larger population, often involving probability and hypothesis testing

1. data – Categorical data that cannot be expressed numerically (e.g., labels, classifications).
3. data – Data that takes any value in a given range, typically real numbers (ℝ).
4. random sampling – Every element in the population has an equal probability (1/N) of being selected.
5. data – Countable values from a finite or countably infinite set (e.g., integers).
6. variable – A variable measured within the sample, often denoted as X̄ for sample mean or s for sample standard deviation.
8. data – Numerical data that can be measured or counted.
12. – A characteristic or attribute of a data set that can take on different values across observations. It is what is measured, observed, or manipulated in statistical analysis
14. – The mathematical study of data collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation.
17. unit – An individual element (xᵢ) selected for measurement.
18. – A subset (n) of the population (N) used for analysis.