Summer's Biology Crossword

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Across
  1. 4. a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.
  2. 5. an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.
  3. 7. a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
  4. 10. A phosphate group is just a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms.
  5. 11. the action of copying or reproducing something.
  6. 12. The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C.
  7. 13. a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites.
  8. 14. scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.
  9. 16. relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.
  10. 20. A purine base that is a component of DNA and RNA, forming a base pair with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA.
  11. 22. a technique used especially for identification (as for forensic purposes) by extracting and identifying the base-pair pattern of an individual's DNA
  12. 24. a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
  13. 27. A pyrimidine base found in dna and rna that pairs with guanine.
  14. 28. a step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  15. 29. an enzyme that is responsible for making rna from a dna template.
  16. 30. an enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.
  17. 31. a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
Down
  1. 1. an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
  2. 2. a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
  3. 3. technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
  4. 6. A type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules.
  5. 8. A cell, group of cells, or organism that is produced asexually from and is genetically identical to a single ancestor.
  6. 9. a written or printed representation of something.
  7. 15. enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes.
  8. 17. the area where the replication of DNA will actually take place.
  9. 18. a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
  10. 19. Genetically-engineered DNA molecule formed by splicing fragments of DNA from a different source or from another part of the same source, and then introduced into the recipient (host) cell.
  11. 21. a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
  12. 23. A purine base found in dna and RNA; pairs with cytosine.
  13. 25. The pair of nitrogenous bases that connects the complementary strands of DNA or of double-stranded RNA and consists of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine.
  14. 26. a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.