SYG2000 Unit 3: Chapter 13 & 14 Key Terms

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Across
  1. 2. A situation in which a single firm dominates in a given industry.
  2. 5. A member of a political community, having both rights and duties associated with that membership.
  3. 8. Practice in which large corporations protect their employees from the vicissitudes of the market.
  4. 10. The owner/founder of a business firm.
  5. 11. interdependence The fact that in the division of labor, individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives.
  6. 12. Capitalistic enterprise organized on the basis of institutional shareholding.
  7. 14. Business corporations located in two or more countries.
  8. 17. A term associated with the functionalist Talcott Parsons to describe the patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts in order to minimize the disruptive impact of his or her illness on others.
  9. 18. The activity by which people produce from the natural world and so ensure their survival. Work should not be thought of exclusively as paid employment. In traditional cultures, there was only a rudimentary monetary system, and few people worked for money. In modern societies, there remain types of work that do not involve direct payment (e.g., housework).
  10. 19. A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community.
  11. 20. A temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand.
  12. 22. A means by which we try to alter our bodies in specific ways—for example, dieting.
  13. 23. Capitalistic enterprise owned and administered by entrepreneurial families.
  14. 24. An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.
  15. 25. The application of knowledge of the material world to production; the creation of material instruments (such as machines) used in human interaction with nature.
  16. 26. Economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment.
  17. 29. Production processes monitored and controlled by machines with only minimal supervision from people.
  18. 30. of labor The specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. All societies have at least some rudimentary form of division of labor, especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women. With the development of industrialism, the division of labor became vastly more complex than in any prior type of production system. In the modern world, the division of labor is international in scope.
  19. 31. A government's legitimate use of power.
  20. 32. The system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. Economic institutions are of key importance in all social orders. What goes on in the economy usually influences other areas in social life. Modern economies differ substantially from traditional ones, because the majority of the population is no longer engaged in agricultural production.
Down
  1. 1. Business firms or companies.
  2. 3. rights Legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community.
  3. 4. Capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners.
  4. 6. The set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices. The biomedical model of health defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and believes that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment. The human body is likened to a machine that can be returned to working order with the proper repairs.
  5. 7. democracy A form of participatory democracy that allows citizens to vote directly on laws and policies.
  6. 9. A particular type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be part of a single nation. Nation-states are closely associated with the rise of nationalism, although nationalist loyalties do not always conform to the boundaries of specific states. Nation-states developed as part of an emerging nation-state system, originating in Europe; in current times, they span the whole globe.
  7. 13. A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but based instead on the production of knowledge. Its emergence has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and have made new advances in computing, entertainment, and telecommunications part of their lives.
  8. 15. The sense that our own abilities as human beings are taken over by other entities. The term was originally used by Marx to refer to the projection of human powers onto gods. Subsequently he used the term to refer to the loss of workers' control over the nature and products of their labor.
  9. 16. Field that focuses on how our bodies are affected by social influences. Health and illness, for instance, are determined by social and cultural influences.
  10. 20. ofnature The process by which we control phenomena regarded as "natural," such as reproduction.
  11. 21. The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry.
  12. 27. Any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works.
  13. 28. The ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold. Power is a pervasive element in all human relationships. Many conflicts in society are struggles over power, because how much power an individual or group is able to achieve governs how far they are able to put their wishes into practice.