Temperate broadleaf woodlands

2. A traditional management technique where trees are cut at ground level to stimulate new growth for sustainable timber.
6. Trees that lose their leaves annually in autumn to reduce water loss during cold
8. The process of planting trees to create new forest areas.
9. energy and woody tissue.
11. The breaking up of large woodland areas into smaller, isolated patches, which can reduce genetic variation and population stability.
13. A plantation consisting of only one species, which typically has lower biodiversity than a mixed broadleaf woodland.
14. A nutrient-rich, dark organic substance formed from the complete decomposition of plant and animal matter.
17. The combined process of water evaporating from the soil and transpiring from plant leaves, essential for the hydrological cycle.

1. Shorter, shade-tolerant trees and shrubs such as hazel and hawthorn.
3. Cutting trees at shoulder height to encourage new growth while keeping it out of reach of grazing animals.
4. The topmost layer formed by mature dominant trees like oak, ash, and beech.
5. Layer: Ground plants like bluebells, ferns, and grasses that often grow rapidly in spring before the canopy closes.
7. Distinct seasonal changes (four seasons) that influence growth cycles and animal behaviour.
10. Sequestration: The long-term storage of carbon in the cellulose and lignin of tree trunks and roots.
12. Layer: The bottom layer consisting of mosses, fungi, and decaying organic matter.
15. The distinct vertical layering within a woodland, which typically includes:
16. Litter: Fallen organic matter that decomposes to enrich the soil.