The Ancient Near East

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Across
  1. 1. The taxation and redistribution of food supplies led to the creation of these bodies.
  2. 7. Ruled the new kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE
  3. 10. Mesopotamian stepped-temples.
  4. 11. Its earliest tablets with written inscriptions, represent the work of administrators recording the allocation of rations or movement of storage goods.
  5. 13. The earliest known occurrence of organized warfare was when Uruk expanded into this city, destroying the native architecture.
  6. 15. The first empire in recorded history.
  7. 16. A Sumerian city surrounded by walls 20 ft tall, with a population of 50k, a ziggurat in the city-center, and a full-time bureaucracy and military.
  8. 19. A major Sumerian city-state located in Mesopotamia, its patron god was Nanna, and the city’s name literally means, “the abode of Nanna.”
  9. 20. This iconic ruler was king of Uruk, though the tale could have been based on a mythical figure.
  10. 22. They were the first to develop a permanent settlement in Mesopotamia and founded the earliest villages, towns, and then cities.
  11. 25. This was the cosmic opposite of the heavens and a shadowy, underground version of life on earth.
  12. 28. The Mesopotamian goddess of love and war.
  13. 29. Mesopotamians practiced this method of interpreting messages found in the organs of sheep to understand the will of the gods.
  14. 31. The Ubaid people lived in large houses of many rooms made of this material, which allowed extended families to reside together.
  15. 34. The centuries from 2900 BCE to 2350 BCE are known as this period and during it, the population of Sumer grew dramatically.
  16. 36. This was the second stage of government in Mesopotamia after the intensification of social hierarchy.
  17. 37. They believed that Enlil destroyed all of humanity with this natural disaster, because they were too noisy.
  18. 38. An elite person with full civil rights, whose birth, marriage, and death were recorded.
  19. 39. Early Sumerian cities were stratified and not initially ruled by a king, but this leader of the temples.
  20. 41. This invention made transportation of goods across long distances far easier.
  21. 44. In this, Babylonians introduced concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical exam, prescriptions, and methods of therapy utilizing logic in diagnosis.
Down
  1. 2. A free man who may have been landless.
  2. 3. The Oldest significant astronomical text, it is of Babylonian origin.
  3. 4. A tavern keeper who became the first female ruler in history in 2400 BCE, ruling as Queen regent in her own right.
  4. 5. The Uruk Period is characterized by the formation of these in Mesopotamia.
  5. 6. Hammurabi’s Code utilizes this type of justice.
  6. 8. The Mesopotamian sky god.
  7. 9. A slave whose master paid for his upkeep, but also took his compensation.
  8. 12. The Ziggurat of Ur was built in the 21st century BCE during his reign.
  9. 13. Ancient Mesopotamia was situated along the Euphrates and this other river
  10. 14. Each city temple worshipped one of these as the city’s special protector.
  11. 17. The first king of Assyria to be addressed as, “The God of Akkad,” marking a shift from the belief that kings were just representatives of the gods.
  12. 18. As Mesopotamian trade developed, merchants set these up to assist trade in other regions and cities.
  13. 21. This demon cursed Enkidu before he was killed.
  14. 23. The early secular leader of the Mesopotamian people.
  15. 24. Having been granted immortality, he promised to show Gilgamesh his secret if he could complete a difficult quest.
  16. 26. The ruler of the Mesopotamian Netherworld.
  17. 27. The Mesopotamian god of earth, storms, agriculture, and controller of fates.
  18. 30. Used by Mesopotamians to designate personal property or as a signature on documents.
  19. 32. After Sargon I withdrew the Assyrians from the region, this dynasty retained control, founding the city-state of Babylon in 1894 BCE.
  20. 33. The founder of the Akkadian Empire, he has the nickname, “the gardener” and spent much of his reign conquering territory.
  21. 35. As ruler of Umma, he expande his realm by conquering Ur and Uruk, before defeating Lagash.
  22. 40. They invaded the Akkadian Empire, leading to its outright collapse.
  23. 42. The Euphrates River was given this name by the native Sumerians, a word meaning, “Great Rushing Flood”.
  24. 43. He was sent down by Anu to challenge the cruel King Gilgamesh, but they ultimately became good friends.