The Internal Environment

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Across
  1. 4. neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body
  2. 8. the animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
  3. 9. water channels that make the transport epithelium freely permeable to water
  4. 10. the process that rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products
  5. 11. animal uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
  6. 14. the general term for the process by which animals control solute concentrations in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain and loss
  7. 15. tissues organized into functional units
  8. 16. organized cells with a similar appearance and a common function
  9. 18. groups of organs that work together, providing an additional level of organization & coordination
  10. 20. processes the filtrate into urine
  11. 21. the animals that gain most of their heat from external sources
  12. 25. endocrine cells often grouped in ductless organs
  13. 29. the nitrogenous waste that most terrestrial animals and many marine species excrete
  14. 31. anterior pituitary hormones that target endocrine tissues often form part of a ____________
  15. 32. a control mechanism in which the response reinforces the stimulus, leading to an even greater response
  16. 33. (aka adrenaline) raises the glucose level in the blood, increases blood flow to muscles, and decreases blood flow to the digestive system
Down
  1. 1. the process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range
  2. 2. the series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular signal to a specific intracellular response
  3. 3. an almond-sized region of the brain that controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals
  4. 5. signaling molecules are released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells & are carried to all locations in the body
  5. 6. expends energy to create a concentration gradient; allows for active transport of NaCl from the filtrate in the upper part of the ascending limb of the loop
  6. 7. the transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
  7. 9. the nitrogenous waste that most aquatic species excrete
  8. 12. where reabsorption of ions, water, and valuable nutrients happen
  9. 13. the nitrogenous waste that insects, land snails, and may reptiles, including birds excrete
  10. 17. (aka feedback inhibition) a control circuit or loop that reduces, or "damps," the stimulus
  11. 18. a hormone that stimulates the mammary glands, which respond by secreting milk
  12. 19. the maintenance of internal balance
  13. 22. animal allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes
  14. 23. to be isoosmotic with its surroundings
  15. 24. signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system
  16. 26. to control internal osmolarity independent of the environment
  17. 27. a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
  18. 28. plays a key role in regulating the K+ & NaCl concentrations of body fluids; also contributes to pH regulation
  19. 30. a compact organ that functions in both osmoregulation and excretion
  20. 32. a gland located behind the stomach that secretes bicarbonate