The Middle Ages

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Across
  1. 4. French peasant who led the French army to victory at Orleans, she was eventually captured by the English, tried as a heretic, & burned at the stake.
  2. 7. Period where there were 2 and then eventually 3 popes claiming to be the spiritual head of the Catholic Church. This lead to the weakening of the power of the Catholic Church that had unified Europeans during the Middle Ages.
  3. 9. Lord’s estate and the economic side of feudalism.
  4. 11. Famous Muslim leader during the third Crusade who let Christian pilgrims freely visit Jerusalem.
  5. 13. Duke of Normandy France who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown.
  6. 15. Warrior on horseback who promised to defend his lord’s land in exchange for a fief.
  7. 16. Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing 1/3 of the population in Europe. Contributed to the end of feudalism and the manor system; also made Europeans wonder why God was punishing them & chipped away at people’s faith in the Church.
  8. 17. - A holy war launched by the Pope upon the request of the patriarch in Constantinople. The attempt to regain the Holy Land by these Christian knights failed. This event helped weakened the power of the Pope & the Catholic Church, and led to disunity because the Church was the single most unifying force in Europe during the Middle Ages.
  9. 18. Peasant who could not lawfully leave the place where he or she was born.
Down
  1. 1. Kingdom originally made up of what is now Germany and Italy.
  2. 2. War between England and France waged from 1337 to 1453 over who the rightful king of France was going to be. France won the war. The military advancement of the Longbow made knights obsolete; the cannon made it possible to knock down castle walls making castles obsolete. The conflict also led to the development of nations & the decline of allegiance to feudal lords.
  3. 3. Person in medieval society who receives a grant of a fief from the lord & owes the lord service in return.
  4. 5. Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the early Middle Ages, included round arches, heavy roofs, thick walls and pillars, tiny windows, little light.
  5. 6. Powerful Frankish ruler who built a huge empire & was the 1st Holy Roman Emperor crowned by the pope who united the Germanic tribes under his rule after the fall of Rome, and wanted “Christendom” a kingdom united by Christianity.
  6. 8. Landowner in feudal society that granted a fief to a vassal.
  7. 10. Signed in 1215 by King John of England, the Great Charter guaranteed certain basic political rights like, no taxation without representation, a jury trial, & the protection of the law.
  8. 12. Legislative group in England that is a body of representatives that makes laws.
  9. 14. Style of architecture of the cathedrals during the High Middle Ages, included flying buttresses, stained-glass windows, and tall spires.