The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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Across
  1. 2. neurotransmitter type that includes protein molecules and shorter chains of amino acids
  2. 4. connection between two neurons, or any two electrically active cells, where ions flow directly through channels spanning their adjacent cell membranes
  3. 6. cell membrane that regulates the movement of ions so that an electrical signal can be generated
  4. 7. combination of graded potentials across the neuronal cell membrane caused by signals from separate presynaptic elements that add up to initiate an action potential
  5. 11. small gap between cells in a chemical synapse where neurotransmitter diffuses from the presynaptic element to the postsynaptic element
  6. 16. lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS; facilitates the transmission of electrical signals
  7. 18. neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals into, within, and out of the nervous system
  8. 20. organ of the central nervous system found within the vertebral cavity and connected with the periphery through spinal nerves; mediates reflex behaviors
  9. 22. shape of a neuron which has only one process that includes both the axon and dendrite
  10. 23. single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell
  11. 24. outermost layer of gray matter in the brain, where conscious perception takes place
  12. 25. cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system
  13. 26. chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell
  14. 27. glial cell type in the CNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts
  15. 28. nervous system function that causes a target tissue (muscle or gland) to produce an event as a consequence to stimuli
  16. 29. glial cell type in the PNS that provides support for neurons in the ganglia
  17. 32. in neurons, that portion of the cell that contains the nucleus; the cell body, as opposed to the cell processes (axons and dendrites)
  18. 34. shape of a neuron that has multiple processes—the axon and two or more dendrites
  19. 36. property of a channel that determines how it opens under specific conditions, such as voltage change or physical deformation
  20. 37. movement of an action potential along the length of an axon
  21. 38. glial cell type of the CNS that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier
  22. 40. second neuron in the motor command pathway that is directly connected to the skeletal muscle
  23. 43. type of sensory receptor capable of transducing temperature stimuli into neural action potentials
  24. 44. nervous system function that receives information from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue
  25. 48. neurotransmitter system of acetylcholine, which includes its receptors and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
  26. 52. graded potential in a specialized sensory cell that directly causes the release of neurotransmitter without an intervening action potential
  27. 53. graded potential from dendrites of a unipolar cell which generates the action potential in the initial segment of that cell’s axon
  28. 55. regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter
  29. 56. one of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting neurons
  30. 58. nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response
  31. 60. narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell
  32. 62. time after the initiation of an action potential when another action potential cannot be generated
  33. 63. shape of a neuron with two processes extending from the neuron cell body—the axon and one dendrite
  34. 64. the large organ of the central nervous system composed of white and gray matter, contained within the cranium and continuous with the spinal cord
  35. 65. central cavity within the brain where CSF is produced and circulates
  36. 66. change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero
  37. 67. anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord
  38. 68. distribution of charge across the cell membrane, based on the charges of ions
  39. 69. glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves
  40. 70. end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell
  41. 71. physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS
Down
  1. 1. regions of the nervous system containing mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of myelin
  2. 3. one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells
  3. 5. anatomical division of the nervous system that is largely outside the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely all parts except the brain and spinal cord
  4. 8. functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue
  5. 9. in the nervous system, a localized collection of neuron cell bodies that are functionally related; a “center” of neural function
  6. 10. change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it
  7. 12. circulatory medium within the CNS that is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus filtering the blood
  8. 13. membrane voltage at which an action potential is initiated
  9. 14. gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon
  10. 15. graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of depolarization and makes an action potential more likely to occur
  11. 17. enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecule, which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal that binds to the receptor
  12. 19. functional division of the nervous system that is concerned with conscious perception, voluntary movement, and skeletal muscle reflexes
  13. 21. bundle of axons in the central nervous system having the same function and point of origin
  14. 30. cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body
  15. 31. first neuron in the motor command pathway with its cell body in the cerebral cortex that synapses on the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
  16. 33. part of the voltage-gated Na+ channel that opens when the membrane voltage reaches threshold
  17. 35. in cells, an extension of a cell body; in the case of neurons, this includes the axon and dendrites
  18. 39. property of an axon that relates to the ability of particles to diffuse through the cytoplasm; this is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter
  19. 41. the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions, typically -70 mV
  20. 42. connection between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target, where a neurotransmitter diffuses across a very short distance
  21. 45. neural tissue associated with the digestive system that is responsible for nervous control through autonomic connections
  22. 46. change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers
  23. 47. neurotransmitter receptor that acts as an ion channel gate, and opens by the binding of the neurotransmitter
  24. 49. glial cell type in the CNS that serves as the resident component of the immune system
  25. 50. an event in the external or internal environment that registers as activity in a sensory neuron
  26. 51. region of the central nervous system that acts as a relay for sensory pathways
  27. 54. return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential
  28. 57. glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid
  29. 59. localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
  30. 61. lipid-rich insulating substance surrounding the axons of many neurons, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals