The Renaissance

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Across
  1. 5. Careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis.
  2. 6. Term that refers to the learning and culture of Greece and Rome.
  3. 8. Invented by Johann Gutenberg of Germany, it caused a printing revolution because printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. Now more books were available, so more people learned to read. Printed books exposed Europeans to new ideas and new places.
  4. 9. Northern Renaissance scholar who called for a translation of the Bible into the vernacular so that it could be read by a wider audience. He believed an individual's chief duties were to be open-minded and to show good will toward others. As a priest, he was disturbed by corruption in the Church and called for reform.
  5. 11. English humanist during the northern Renaissance. He called for social reform in the form of a utopian society in which people live together in peace and harmony.
  6. 12. An oval-shaped orbit.
  7. 14. An intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones, and included the belief that education should focus on the humanities. They studied the classical culture of Greece and Rome to try to comprehend their own times.
  8. 16. German monk who wrote 95 Theses against indulgences.
  9. 17. A person with talents in many fields.
  10. 20. Renaissance painting technique in which objects had shadows, making them look round and real.
  11. 21. Italian Renaissance artist, sculptor, engineer, architect, and poet. He sculpted Pieta, as well as a series of huge murals to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. He sculpted the statue David, and designed the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
  12. 24. -Settlement Reforms made by Queen Elizabeth that compromised between Protestant and Catholic practices. This satisfied most Catholics and Protestants, restoring unity to England.
  13. 25. Renaissance sculptor who created a life-size statue of a soldier on horseback, the first such figure done since ancient times.
  14. 27. Northern Renaissance artist who used vibrant color to portray lively scenes of peasant life. He also addressed religious and classical themes, but he set them against a background of common people.
  15. 29. A possible explanation; an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation.
  16. 30. The force that keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun, and pulls objects in Earth's sphere to the center of Earth.
  17. 31. Italian Renaissance artist whose paintings blended Christian and classical styles. His most famous paintings are those of Mary, mother of Jesus. He also painted The School of Athens.
  18. 32. Artistic technique in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid, then uses the plate to make prints.
Down
  1. 1. The 1500s religious upheaval that shattered Christian unity and led to the creation of the Protestant sect of Christianity.
  2. 2. Family that ruled the city-state of Florence in Italy. They invited poets, philosophers, and artists to the Medici palace, where artists learned by sketching ancient Roman statues displayed in the Medici gardens.
  3. 3. A counter reformation established by the Catholic Church to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide.
  4. 4. A way to purchase a lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory.
  5. 7. Renaissance painting technique in which distant objects were made smaller than those close to the viewer, which created scenes that appeared three-dimensional.
  6. 10. Northern European region that included parts of present-day France. It was the center of trade and the Renaissance in the north.
  7. 13. Huge shift in scientific thinking during the mid-1500s that brought about the final break with Europe's medieval past. It included the idea that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe. The physical world, therefore, could be known, managed, and shaped by people.
  8. 15. Italian astronomer who created a telescope and observed that the four moons of Jupiter move slowly around that planet. He realized that these moons moved the same way that Copernicus had said that Earth moves around the sun.
  9. 17. Period that marked a great change in culture, politics, society, and economics. It began in Italy in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. It marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern world.
  10. 18. Sun-centered.
  11. 19. After the pope refused to give him a divorce, Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and formed this church. Also known as the Church of England.
  12. 22. Published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres," in which he proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, in which Earth is just one of the several planets that revolve around the sun.
  13. 23. Sect of Christianity formed by followers of Martin Luther, named such because they "protested" papal authority.
  14. 26. English poet and playwright during the northern Renaissance. He wrote 37 plays, which are still performed around the world. He expressed universal themes in everyday, realistic settings. He used language that people understand and enjoy. He also added 1,700 new words to the English language.
  15. 28. According to Catholicism, a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetimes.