The Respiratory System

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Across
  1. 2. largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and consists of two lamine
  2. 6. lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue
  3. 8. concave surface of the face that connects the apex of the nose to the top lip
  4. 9. concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung
  5. 10. squamous epithelial cells that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases
  6. 14. includes structures of the respiratory system that are directly involved in gas exchange
  7. 16. region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea
  8. 17. tip of the external nose
  9. 18. one sequence of inspiration and expiration
  10. 19. relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide
  11. 22. small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs
  12. 23. tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs
  13. 24. (Hb–O2) bound form of hemoglobin and oxygen
  14. 25. portion of the posterior oral cavity that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx
  15. 28. network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung
  16. 29. amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
  17. 33. one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain
  18. 38. (plural = nares) opening of the nostrils
  19. 39. amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing
  20. 41. artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli
  21. 42. relationship between blood pH and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin
  22. 44. organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange
  23. 46. movement of air into and out of the lungs; consists of inspiration and expiration
  24. 53. gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues
  25. 55. total amount of air that can be held in the lungs; sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV
  26. 59. (also, inhalation) process that causes air to enter the lungs
  27. 62. collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system
  28. 63. pressure difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures
  29. 66. structure in the developing embryo that forms when the laryngotracheal bud extends and branches to form two bulbous structures
  30. 67. cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs
  31. 68. (also, exhalation) process that causes the air to leave the lungs
  32. 69. bone of the skull that lies under the root and bridge of the nose and is connected to the frontal and maxillary bones
  33. 70. portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus
  34. 71. (also, eupnea) mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual
  35. 72. sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space
  36. 73. indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart
  37. 74. region where the two lamine of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as “Adam’s apple”
Down
  1. 1. innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures
  2. 3. varying amounts of air within the lung at a given time
  3. 4. substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing
  4. 5. exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere; breathing
  5. 7. structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx
  6. 11. cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant
  7. 12. increased rate and depth of ventilation due to an increase in oxygen demand that does not significantly alter blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels
  8. 13. branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs
  9. 14. total number of breaths taken each minute
  10. 15. region of the nose that is easily visible to others
  11. 20. portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food
  12. 21. portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food
  13. 26. force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases
  14. 27. portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway
  15. 30. portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones
  16. 31. facilitated diffusion that exchanges bicarbonate (HCO3–) with chloride (Cl–) ions
  17. 32. increase in the size of the bronchiole due to relaxation of the muscular wall
  18. 34. space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
  19. 35. part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing
  20. 36. statement of the principle that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas
  21. 37. pressure of the air within the pleural cavity
  22. 40. one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses
  23. 43. specific type of bronchiole that leads to alveolar sacs
  24. 45. decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall
  25. 47. leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing
  26. 48. sum of all the partial pressures of a gaseous mixture
  27. 49. opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech
  28. 50. sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange
  29. 51. region of the external nose between the eyebrows
  30. 52. air space present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange
  31. 54. (plural= alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares
  32. 56. tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung
  33. 57. network of neurons within the pons that inhibit the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls rate of breathing
  34. 58. wall composed of bone and cartilage that separates the left and right nasal cavities
  35. 60. relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula: P1V1 = P2V2
  36. 61. one of the pair of folded, white membranes that have a free inner edge that oscillates as air passes through to produce sound
  37. 64. one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
  38. 65. cluster of alveoli