The Scientific Revolution

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Across
  1. 4. - Dutch inventor and scientist and "father of microbiology" whose 400+ microscopes opened up the microscopic world to human observation.
  2. 7. - His detailed observations of the stars (in the pre-telescopic era) provided the basis for the insights of Kepler.
  3. 9. (Sir Isaac) - Perhaps the most recognized figure of the Scientific Revolution and author of the Principia, which among other things, details his universal law of gravitation.
  4. 10. - This founder of analytic geometry relied on mathematics and logic and believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
  5. 13. - Short-hand name for Galileo's most well-known and influential work, which was written in Italian and not Latin and perceived as a defense of Copernicanism.
  6. 17. philosophers - Nickname of medieval scientists who often preferred logical analysis to systematic observations of the natural world.
  7. 18. - Method that begins with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions can be deduced; the method that proceeds from the general to the particular.
  8. 21. - Before 1500, scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to ancient authors like __________ or Ptolemy or to texts like the Bible.
  9. 22. - Instead of reasoning from abstract theories, Francis Bacon urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions, an approach called __________ or the experimental method.
  10. 23. Method - The __________ __________ is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It begins with a problem or question arising from an observation.
  11. 25. - One of the religious implications of the Scientific Revolution was this notion that there was a Creator God who had established the universe as a mechanism that followed natural laws but no longer actively intervenes in the creation.
  12. 26. - The island "castle" given to Tycho Brahe that was outfitted with a library, astronomical instruments, and observatories, which helped him compile the most extensive observational data of his time.
Down
  1. 1. - Method that begins with carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations and from which seeks to develop justified generalizations; the method that proceeds from the particular to the general.
  2. 2. - This earth-centered view of the universe was called the __________ theory.
  3. 3. - British physician used cowpox to produce the world's first vaccination to prevent smallpox.
  4. 5. - The traditional four elements of the earth were composed of earth, air, fire, and ____________________.
  5. 6. - With the aid of this "spyglass," Galileo argued that planets were composed of a material substance similar to that of the earth rather than an ethereal or perfect and unchanging substance.
  6. 8. - His book Sceptical Chymist (1661) challenged Aristotle's idea that the physical world consisted of four elements—earth, air, fire, and water, and argued that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways.
  7. 11. - Like the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution was this kind of historical movement.
  8. 12. Revolution - The __________ ___________ was a new way of thinking about the natural world. That way was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
  9. 14. - Philolaus and _______________________ defended heliocentrism in antiquityaristotle - Before 1500, scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to ancient authors like __________ or Ptolemy or to texts like the Bible.
  10. 15. - The Holy Office, or __________ condemned Galileo of heresy in 1633.
  11. 16. - This 2nd century Greek medical authority taught the doctrine of the four humors.
  12. 19. - This Flemish "father of human anatomy" championed the dissection of human cadavers to teach anatomy and was best known for his visually stunning On the Fabric of the Human Body.
  13. 20. - A key rejection of Aristotelian cosmology was Kepler's contention that planetary orbits were _________________ and not circular.
  14. 24. -Polish astronomer and priest whose 1543 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was an early defense of heliocentrism.