The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

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  1. 2. Diderot A leading philosophe who created a large set of books in which many scholars contributed to, and called it “Encyclopedia”. He got criticism from the Catholic Church and French Government but didn’t stop publishing the “Encyclopedia’s”
  2. 5. A government contract that the people created that said that the ruler had total power. This theory was created by Hobbes and he believed that a ruler need total power to keep order.
  3. 7. Danish astronomer who carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years. His work furthered the heliocentric theory, in which the planets revolve around the sun.
  4. 11. Man who developed analytical geometry (combined algebra and geometry). Relied on mathematics and logic, not experimentation to solve problems or come to conclusions. He followed a strict train of reasoning to arrive at truths.
  5. 13. Brilliant mathematician who continued Brahe's work after he died. He demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun. He created the planetary laws of motion, which includes the law of ellipses.
  6. 15. Man who created the heliocentric theory and studied planetary for more than 25 years. He didn't publish his findings until 1543.
  7. 16. and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Also known as the Age of Reason.
  8. 17. Theory that states that the Earth is in the center of the universe and the planets and sun revolve around the earth. Created by Aristotle and then further advanced by Ptolemy.
  9. 18. Begins in the mid-1500s and starts the questioning of European thought and the questioning of previously accepted beliefs.
  10. 21. European art of the 1600s and early 1700s had been dominated by this style which was characterized by a grand, ornate design.
  11. 22. Influential French writer. He devoted himself to the study of political liberty and believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. His idea of division of power became a part of his most famous book, On the Spirit of Laws. In his book, Montesquieu proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. “Power,” he wrote, “should be a check to power.” This idea later would be called checks and balances.
  12. 24. The artistic style of the late 1700s which was a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.
  13. 25. The most brilliant and influential of the philosophes. His real name was François Marie Arouet. He published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. This man never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. A famous quote of his is “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
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  1. 1. Social critics of the height of the Enlightenment in France.
  2. 3. Monarchs who ruled justly and embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit. The philosophes admired them.
  3. 4. Most admired ruler of the philosphes. She ruled from 1762-1796. She reformed laws in Russia on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria. She allowed religious toleration and abolished torture and capital punishment. She expanded greatly the Russian empire and gained a lot of land for Russia.
  4. 6. English statesman and wrier who had a passionate interest in science. He attacked medieval scholars for relying too much on Aristotle's ideas. He urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions; empiricism
  5. 8. A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
  6. 9. One of the most persuasive women of the Englightenment. She published an essay called “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” in 1792. She encouraged women to enter men’s fields of education.
  7. 10. Theory that the Sun is in the center of the universe and the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. This theory was created by Copernicus.
  8. 12. He strongly disagreed with Enlightenment thinkers on many matters. Most philosophes believed that reason, science, and art would improve life for all people. He argued that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,” he wrote. This man believed that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society. His ideas differed from both Hobbes and Locke.
  9. 14. Italian scientist who built on the new theories bout astronomy. He wrote a book called "Starry Messenger" which described his observations. His beliefs supported Copernicus which went against the teachings of the Church. The Catholic Church forced him to recant.
  10. 18. The buzz of the Enlightenment was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women in Paris. They held regular social gatherings in their large drawing rooms called ____.
  11. 19. Great English scientist who helped to bring together the discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion. He created the laws of universal gravitation.
  12. 20. A new intellectual movement that stressed
  13. 23. This man believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He thought that people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government.