The Spanish Empire Vocabulary Review

2. A territorial and administrative division established by the Spanish monarchy in the Americas to improve governance, including the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535) and the Viceroyalty of Peru (1542).
3. A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the Americas, granting colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous peoples, established in the early 16th century.
6. People of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry in the Spanish colonies, emerging as a significant and growing demographic from the 16th century onwards.
9. Individuals born in Spain who lived in the Spanish American colonies, holding the highest offices and enjoying privileges over the Creoles and other social groups.
10. A high court established in Spanish colonies in the Americas to administer justice and advise the viceroy, playing a key role in the governance of the colonies.

1. A term used in the Spanish colonies to describe people of pure Spanish descent who were born in the Americas, distinguishing them from Spaniards born in Spain (Peninsulares).
4. Religious communities established by Catholic missionaries during the Spanish colonial period, aimed at converting Indigenous peoples to Christianity, starting in the 16th century.
5. A large, multi-decked sailing ship used by the Spanish for transoceanic voyages, notably in the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade which operated from 1565 to 1815, transporting goods between Asia and the Americas.
7. Individuals in the Spanish American colonies with mixed African and European ancestry, reflecting the complex racial hierarchies that developed following the introduction of African slavery in the 16th century.
8. Large estates or plantations that were prevalent in the Spanish colonies, where crops were cultivated and livestock were raised, often relying on the forced labor of Indigenous peoples and, later, African slaves.