Thermal physics

7. A theoretical gas that obeys certain simplified assumptions about molecular behavior, such as no intermolecular forces and negligible molecular volume.
8. A state where two objects in thermal contact have no net transfer of thermal energy between them, meaning they have the same temperature.
9. The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles, where increased particle motion is passed on through collisions.
11. The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) due to density differences caused by temperature variations.

1. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin.
2. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, indicating the degree of hotness or coldness.
3. The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, without the need for a medium.
4. Zero The theoretical temperature at which the particles of a substance have minimal kinetic energy, and it's the zero point on the Kelvin scale.
5. Thetotal energy of a system due to the random motion and relative positions of its particles.
6. The heat energy absorbed or released during a phase change (e.g., melting or boiling) at a constant temperature.
10. The transfer of energy between objects or systems due to a temperature difference.