11th Thinkers: Bentham, Mill, Kant, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Marx

2. of Nature – A condition without government, where individuals act according to self-interest.
6. Rights – Rights that cannot be taken away, such as life, liberty, and property.
7. – The ability to govern oneself and make independent moral decisions.
8. Democracy – A system where citizens participate directly in decision-making rather than through representatives.
12. – A forceful overthrow of a government or social system.
13. – An ethical theory that focuses on duty and moral rules rather than consequences.
16. – An ethical theory that says actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
17. Contract – An agreement among individuals to form a government and accept its authority in exchange for protection and order.
19. Materialism – Marx’s theory that economic forces and material conditions shape history and society.
20. – The inherent worth and respect that every human being deserves.

1. – Supreme power or authority in a state.
3. Will – Rousseau’s concept of the collective will of the people aimed at the common good.
4. – The state of being free to think, speak, and act without unjust restrictions.
5. Calculus – A method created by Bentham to measure pleasure and pain to determine the moral value of an action.
9. Imperative – Kant’s principle that one should act only according to rules that could be applied universally to everyone.
10. – An economic system where private individuals own property and businesses for profit.
11. – Taking unfair advantage of workers or others for personal or economic gain.
14. Struggle – Conflict between different social classes, especially between the ruling class and the working class.
15. Government – A political system where government power is restricted by law or a constitution.
18. of the Governed – The idea that government power is legitimate only if the people agree to it.