Times of Change

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Across
  1. 3. Relating to the countryside, agricultural areas, and farming.
  2. 5. Professional soldiers who offered protection and served their lords.
  3. 6. A large estate or parcel of land owned by a lord, including his castle, farmland, and the village where peasants lived.
  4. 8. People who bought and sold goods for a living, especially dealing with large amounts of traded items between different towns or regions.
  5. 10. Peasants who were not tied to the land and had more rights than serfs. They could leave the manor and move or sell their goods as they pleased.
  6. 11. A mandatory tax paid to the Christian Church, usually consisting of one-tenth (10%) of a person's earnings or farm produce.
  7. 12. High-ranking nobles who owned large areas of land (fiefs) granted to them by the King.
  8. 14. High-ranking members of the Christian clergy
  9. 17. People who have been ordained to perform religious duties in the Christian Church, such as priests, monks, and nuns.
  10. 18. The lowest social class in the feudal system. They worked the land for the lords in exchange for a place to live and protection.
  11. 19. A craftsman who had completed an apprenticeship but was not yet a master.
  12. 20. A code of conduct followed by knights. It emphasized honor, bravery, courtesy, protecting the weak, and loyalty to one's lord and God.
Down
  1. 1. A political and social system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for service and loyalty.
  2. 2. A highly skilled craftsman who owned his own shop, employed journeymen, and could train apprentices. They had to submit a "masterpiece" to the guild for approval.
  3. 4. A general term for the majority of the population who were not nobles or clergy. This group included peasants, artisans, and merchants.
  4. 7. of Allegiance A formal, sworn promise of loyalty and service made by a vassal (like a knight or a lord) to a higher-ranking lord or King.
  5. 9. Laws These regulated what people could wear or how they could spend money, based on their social rank.
  6. 10. A plot of land granted to a vassal by a lord in exchange for the vassal's loyalty and service (usually military service.
  7. 13. Associations of people working in the same craft or trade (like bakers, weavers, or blacksmiths). They set standards for quality, trained workers, and protected their members.
  8. 15. A system or organization where people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority
  9. 16. Relating to a city or town. These areas became centers for trade and craft during the late Middle Ages.