Topic 4 - Water

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Across
  1. 4. The process of restoring degraded or destroyed wetlands to their natural state, often to improve water quality, provide habitat, and reduce flood risk.
  2. 10. harvesting: (Same as Rainwater catchment) The process of collecting rainwater from roofs or other surfaces and storing it for later use.
  3. 12. A desalination method that uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving behind salt and other impurities.
  4. 18. Constructing barriers (barrages) across estuaries to create freshwater reservoirs. This can provide a source of freshwater but can also significantly alter the estuarine ecosystem.
  5. 20. freshwater production: The processes used by industries to obtain and treat freshwater for their operations. This can include drawing water from surface or groundwater sources, desalination, or wastewater treatment.
  6. 21. The process of collecting rainwater from roofs or other surfaces and storing it for later use.
  7. 24. Facilities that convert seawater or brackish water into freshwater through desalination processes.
  8. 29. situation where water is available, but a lack of infrastructure or financial resources limits access to it.
  9. 31. The physical systems that provide water services, including pipes, pumps, treatment plants, reservoirs, and dams.
  10. 32. Water that has been used and contaminated by human activities. It requires treatment before it can be reused or released back into the environment.
  11. 33. Infrastructure projects that move water from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity. These systems can involve pipelines, canals, and pumping stations.
  12. 34. Water with a high concentration of salt. It's often a byproduct of desalination or industrial processes.
  13. 35. The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers, usually caused by over-extraction of groundwater near coastal areas. This can contaminate freshwater sources and make them unusable for drinking or irrigation.
  14. 36. recycling: The reuse of relatively clean wastewater from showers, sinks, and laundry for non-potable purposes, such as irrigation or toilet flushing.
  15. 37. The process of removing contaminants from water to make it safe for drinking or other uses.
  16. 38. An artificial lake created by constructing a dam across a river or stream, used for water storage.
  17. 39. The process of measuring water use, often to track consumption and encourage conservation.
  18. 40. Conflicts arising from the shared management and use of water resources that cross international or political boundaries. These disputes can involve issues like water allocation, pollution, and dam construction.
Down
  1. 1. A situation where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including environmental flows. It's often associated with arid or semi-arid regions.
  2. 2. The portion of rainfall that is stored in the soil and evaporated or transpired by plants. It represents the water available to vegetation and is crucial for rain-fed agriculture and ecosystem health.
  3. 3. toilets: Toilets that use less water per flush than traditional toilets.
  4. 5. The process of replenishing groundwater supplies. This can occur naturally through rainfall or artificially through various methods.
  5. 6. Storage and Recovery (ASR): A method of artificially recharging aquifers by injecting water (often treated wastewater or excess surface water) during times of surplus and withdrawing it during times of need.
  6. 7. science: Public participation in scientific research. In the context of water resources, this might involve volunteers collecting water samples, monitoring water quality, or reporting observations of water-related phenomena.
  7. 8. Crops that are adapted to grow in dry conditions and require less water than traditional crops.
  8. 9. A weather modification technique that attempts to stimulate precipitation by dispersing substances into clouds that serve as condensation nuclei. Its effectiveness is still debated.
  9. 11. A lack of sufficient available water resources to meet human and environmental demands.
  10. 12. Limiting the amount of water that can be used by individuals or communities during times of water shortage.
  11. 13. Water that is free from contaminants at levels that could pose a health risk to humans. It must meet certain quality standards to be considered safe for consumption.
  12. 14. The release of highly concentrated salt water, often a byproduct of desalination processes or industrial activities. Brine discharge can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems by increasing salinity levels.
  13. 15. The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste. Adequate sanitation is essential for public health and preventing water contamination.
  14. 16. The process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable for drinking or other uses.
  15. 17. management of water resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing human needs with the needs of ecosystems.
  16. 19. The process of intentionally replenishing groundwater supplies by various methods, such as infiltration basins, injection wells, or spreading. It's a broader term encompassing ASR.
  17. 22. Footprint: The total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by an individual, community, or nation. It includes both direct and indirect water use.
  18. 23. The availability of a reliable quantity and quality of water for human uses, including drinking, sanitation, agriculture, and industry. It also encompasses the management of water resources to reduce risks of water-related hazards.
  19. 25. A type of irrigation that delivers water directly to the roots of plants through a network of tubes and emitters, minimizing water waste.
  20. 26. A method of purifying water by using solar energy to evaporate water, then collecting the condensed vapor as freshwater. It's often used in small-scale applications or in areas with limited access to other water treatment technologies.
  21. 27. Infrastructure projects that move water from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity.
  22. 28. Water that is found on the surface of the Earth, such as in rivers, lakes, and streams.
  23. 30. A system of agriculture that combines aquaculture (raising aquatic animals) with hydroponics (growing plants without soil) in a symbiotic environment. It often conserves water.