Crosswords

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Across
  1. 3. it was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing. Botanists and biologists began to research this plant in the early 1900s, and the first systematic description of mutants was done around 1945.
  2. 7. a soil bacteria that is a plant pathogen in the wild. It works as a natural genetic engineer by invading a plant through wounds and inserting a piece of DNA into the plant’s DNA. The plant will then begin producing the protein encoded by the inserted gene.
  3. 9. portion of the developing seedling above the root system.
  4. 10. a sequence of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein.
  5. 12. The characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive and reproduce better than other organisms in a population in a given environment; the basis for evolution by natural selection.
  6. 13. the first leaf or leaves produced by a plant when it sprouts.
  7. 17. the population of a multicellular organism’s cells that pass on their genetic material to the progeny (offspring). In other words, they are the cells that form the egg, sperm and the fertilised egg. They are usually differentiated to perform this function and segregated in a specific place away from other bodily cells.
  8. 18. In genetics and biochemistry, it means to determine the primary structure of an unbranched biopolymer. It results in a symbolic linear depiction which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. For DNA, it is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment.
  9. 19. a method to rapidly multiply plant stock material and produce many progeny plants. It is used to multiply a wide variety of plants, such as those that have been genetically modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods. It is also used to provide a sufficient number of plantlets for planting from seedless plants, plants that do not respond well to vegetative reproduction or where this method is the cheaper means of propagating.
  10. 20. a cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable.
  11. 22. the workspace of a plant transformation specialist.  This space is sterile and continually blows sterilized air to keep fungus and bacteria from the air from contaminating the Agrobacterium and plant cultures.
Down
  1. 1. also called cecidia. An abnormal outgrowth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.
  2. 2. A process by which extra genetic material is inserted into a cell. The two most common methods currently are Agrobacterium or gene gun transformation.
  3. 4. method used in plant biology to induce transient expression of genes in a plant, or isolated leaves from a plant, or even in cultures of plant cells, in order to produce a desired protein.
  4. 5. the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium phosphate (CaPi) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). However, unlike "stable expression," the foreign DNA does not fuse with the host cell DNA, resulting in the inevitable loss of the vector after several cell replication cycles.
  5. 6. a glass building in which plants that need protection from cold weather are grown.
  6. 8. gel that contains all the nutrients that both plant cells and Agrobacterium need to survive.
  7. 11. (verb) produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product) ; (noun) an amount produced of an agricultural or industrial product.
  8. 14. undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same cells. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage.
  9. 15. a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as green manure and cover crop. The plant superficially resembles clover (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when trifoliate leaves comprising round leaflets predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in 2 to 3 turns containing 10–20 seeds.
  10. 16. a small circular piece of DNA from bacteria that often contains antibiotic resistance genes. In Agrobacterium it can replicate in the bacteria and ‘send’ a sequence of DNA into a plant cell to be incorporated into the plant’s genome.  Therefore,it is essential for plant transformation using Agrobacterium.
  11. 21. a biological term which refers to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. It can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, bacterial, or fungal cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.