Unit 1

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Across
  1. 2. The first ten amendments protect freedoms like speech, religion, and due process. Ratified in 1791, it addressed Anti-Federalist concerns.
  2. 4. This law created a system for surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory. It raised money for government debt, funded schools, and encouraged westward expansion.
  3. 6. French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats (1797-1798), sparking outrage. It led to the Quasi-War and strengthened support for the Federalists.
  4. 7. Jackson, 7th President, promoted democracy for white men and won fame at the Battle of New Orleans. His presidency included the Indian Removal Act and expanded executive power.
  5. 9. The 1777 American victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. It convinced France to support the colonies with military aid and troops.
  6. 11. It outlined governance for the Northwest Territory and statehood process. It banned slavery and protected rights like religion and jury trials.
  7. 15. Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution, fearing strong national power and loss of individual freedoms. They demanded a Bill of Rights to protect citizens and supported states' rights.
  8. 18. Adams appointed judges before leaving office in 1801 to keep Federalist influence. This led to the Marbury v. Madison case and established judicial review.
  9. 19. Eli Whitney's 1794 invention sped up cotton processing. It increased cotton profits, strengthened slavery, and shaped the Southern economy.
  10. 22. Proposed in 1787, it called for a one-house legislature with equal representation for all states. It favored small states and influenced the Great Compromise.
  11. 23. Passed in 1798, they restricted immigration and punished government criticism. They limited free speech and contributed to Federalist election losses.
  12. 27. This 1787 agreement counted three out of five enslaved people for representation and taxation. It gave Southern states more political power despite enslaved people having no rights.
  13. 28. Thoreau promoted simple living, self-reliance, and civil disobedience. His ideas influenced leaders like Gandhi and MLK Jr.
  14. 29. Henry Clay's plan after the War of 1812 included tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements. Its goal was national economic growth and independence from Europe.
  15. 30. Jefferson sent them to explore the Louisiana Purchase, map land, and build Native American relations (1804-1806). Their expedition expanded U.S. knowledge and encouraged westward settlement.
Down
  1. 1. Article I created Congress, with the House and Senate. It makes laws, controls spending, and checks other branches.
  2. 3. The 1803 case established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Chief Justice Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court's power.
  3. 5. The 1819 treaty gave Florida to the U.S. and set western boundaries. In exchange, the U.S. gave up claims to Texas, expanding national territory.
  4. 8. Nativism favored native-born Americans over immigrants. It fueled anti-immigrant movements and discriminatory laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act.
  5. 10. Britain banned settlement west of the Appalachians after the French and Indian War. Colonists were angered, increasing tensions before the Revolution.
  6. 12. Farmers protested a federal whiskey tax (1791-1794) as unfair. President Washington's response proved the new government could enforce its laws.
  7. 13. Announced in 1823, it warned Europe against interfering in the Americas. It established U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
  8. 14. Power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent abuse. Each branch can limit the others through vetoes or judicial review.
  9. 16. Tecumseh led a Native American confederacy resisting U.S. land expansion. He allied with the British during the War of 1812 and became a symbol of Native resistance.
  10. 17. This 1830 law forced Native Americans from the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi. It caused the Trail of Tears, killing thousands.
  11. 20. Suffrage is the right to vote, originally limited to white men with property. It expanded through amendments, though discrimination persisted until 1965.
  12. 21. Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence and was the 3rd President. He completed the Louisiana Purchase but also owned slaves.
  13. 24. Created by Article III, it interprets laws and decides if they are constitutional. It includes the Supreme Court and federal courts, balancing power with Congress and the President.
  14. 25. Madison was a Founding Father, Constitution author, Bill of Rights writer, and 4th President. He shaped U.S. government and individual freedoms.
  15. 26. Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787) was an armed protest by farmers in Massachusetts over taxes and debt. It showed the national government was too weak under the Articles of Confederation, prompting calls for a stronger federal government.