Renaissance & Exploration

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Across
  1. 3. This iconic portrait by Leonardo da Vinci is celebrated for its subject's mysterious expression and the use of the sfumato technique.
  2. 5. The series of dynastic civil wars in England fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
  3. 8. The Portuguese explorer who was the first European to successfully sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope.
  4. 10. This era represents the pinnacle of artistic production in Italy, featuring the work of masters like Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.
  5. 12. The Hapsburg ruler who inherited a massive global empire and presided over the Diet of Worms.
  6. 13. The Spanish labor system in the Americas that granted settlers the right to native labor, which often led to brutal exploitation.
  7. 14. Michelangelo’s massive marble masterpiece that symbolized the strength and independence of the city of Florence.
  8. 15. This Florentine painter is credited with pioneering a more realistic, three-dimensional style that broke away from flat Byzantine traditions.
  9. 18. A period of high inflation in Europe caused by a rising population and the massive influx of silver from the New World.
  10. 19. The site of Michelangelo’s massive ceiling frescoes, including "The Creation of Adam," located within the Vatican.
  11. 21. Often called the "Father of Humanism," he wrote famous letters addressed to "Ancient Dead" authors like Cicero and Virgil.
  12. 23. This German goldsmith revolutionized the spread of literacy and Reformation ideas by inventing the movable-type printing press.
  13. 26. The 1453 event where the Ottoman Turks captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire, effectively ending the Roman tradition in the East.
  14. 27. The young French heroine who claimed divine inspiration and led French forces to a pivotal victory at the Siege of Orléans.
  15. 28. This long-standing conflict between the monarchies of England and France was fought over claims to the French throne.
Down
  1. 1. This bubonic plague decimated the European population, leading to labor shortages and the eventual decline of serfdom.
  2. 2. The Genoese explorer whose voyage across the Atlantic initiated permanent contact between Europe and the Americas.
  3. 4. This author wrote the definitive guide on the etiquette, skills, and "sprezzatura" required to be a true "Renaissance Man."
  4. 6. The 1527 event where imperial troops mutinied and attacked the Eternal City, marking a symbolic end to the Italian Renaissance.
  5. 7. This political theorist famously argued that a ruler must be pragmatic and that "the end justifies the means."
  6. 9. Leonardo da Vinci’s world-famous mural depicting the moment Jesus announces one of his disciples will betray him.
  7. 11. This intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance focused on the study of classical Greek and Roman texts and the potential of the individual.
  8. 12. The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies that followed the European discovery of the Americas.
  9. 16. This English humanist and advisor to Henry VIII wrote a book about a fictional, ideal society based on reason and cooperation.
  10. 17. While he was killed in the Philippines, his crew became the first people to successfully sail all the way around the world.
  11. 20. This leading Northern Humanist and author of In Praise of Folly sought to reform the Church from within through education and piety.
  12. 22. These "Catholic Monarchs" unified the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile and completed the Reconquista.
  13. 24. The Dominican friar who wrote a scathing critique of Spanish colonial abuses and defended the rights of Indigenous peoples.
  14. 25. The Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Inca Empire in South America.