Unit 1 Study Guide: Advent of the Modern World

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Across
  1. 2. The astronomical model that places the Sun at the center of the universe.
  2. 4. A famous trial in which a man was accused of heresy by the Catholic Church for supporting the heliocentric model when Copernicus' book was already banned.
  3. 7. A systematic approach to conducting scientific research that emerges from the Scientific Revolution, and consists of: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.
  4. 13. A Polish astronomer who proposed the idea of the heliocentric model of the universe, placing the Sun at its center.
  5. 14. An Italian philosopher that argued for the rights of the accused, and against the overuse of the death penalty and torture.
  6. 17. A type of government with a monarch (royal figure: King, Queen, etc) at the head of the government; power is usually kept for life and within the royal family.
  7. 18. A set of three physical laws formulated by Isaac Newton that describe the relationship between an object, its mass, its acceleration, and the forces acting upon it.
  8. 19. An English philosopher and scientist who is credited with developing the scientific method.
  9. 20. The astronomical model that places the Earth at the center of the universe.
  10. 21. Proposed by Baron de Montesquieu, the idea of splitting a government's power and duties amongst different entities to prevent abuse of that power.
  11. 22. An English physicist and mathematician who is best known for developing the laws of motion and universal gravitation; as well as Calculus.
Down
  1. 1. A French philosopher that defended the right to freedom of speech and religion, and said they were instrumental in fighting oppression by a government.
  2. 3. A French philosopher that argued for the separation of powers in government, and proposed the idea of a three-branched government with checks and balances.
  3. 5. The ability to be able to freely speak ones' mind, whether out loud or in writing.
  4. 6. An English philosopher that argued humans were naturally evil, and that without rules humans would descend into chaos.
  5. 7. The relationship between a government and its citizens. The government protects its citizens' natural rights, and citizens must give their government power to do so.
  6. 8. An Italian astronomer known for his observations of the planets and moons (like Jupiter's moons), and for his proof of the heliocentric model.
  7. 9. A French philosopher and mathematician who is known for his contributions to geometry and mathematics; came up with X/Y graphs.
  8. 10. The rights that humans are born with, as argued by John Locke. He states that they are: life, liberty, and property.
  9. 11. A social and political system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages, characterized by the relationship between lords and vassals.
  10. 12. A document declaring independence from Britain for the United States, justified by the ideas of the Enlightenment - and of John Locke in particular.
  11. 15. An English philosopher that argued humans were born with natural rights, and that there existed a social contract between citizens and their government - which if not upheld, would justify the overthrow of that government.
  12. 16. This book published in 1687 is widely considered one of the most important works in all of science, it lays out the 3 laws of motion and the universal law of gravity.