Unit 1.3

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Across
  1. 2. A neurotransmitter signal that makes an action potential less likely by hyperpolarizing the receiving neuron.
  2. 5. An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity and promotes relaxation.
  3. 7. Psychoactive drugs such as marijuana that typically cause distortions in perception and/or cognition.
  4. 10. The process by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.
  5. 11. Neurons in the central nervous system that connect sensory and motor neurons and process information between them.
  6. 14. A period of time after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again, either absolutely (no new action potential possible) or relatively (only with stronger stimulation).
  7. 16. Neurotransmitters involved in pain relief and the experience of pleasure.
  8. 17. Neural cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system and are responsible for behavior and mental processes.
  9. 18. Psychoactive drugs that bind to receptors and encourage neural firing by mimicking or enhancing neurotransmitter effects.
  10. 19. Psychoactive drugs such as heroin that typically act as pain relievers by affecting pain perception.
  11. 20. A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, sleep, and emotional processing.
  12. 21. A rapid change in a neuron's membrane potential that allows it to transmit signals over long distances.
  13. 22. Cells in the nervous system that provide structure, insulation, communication, and waste transport to support neural function.
  14. 25. A state in which repeated use of a psychoactive drug requires increasing doses to achieve the same effect.
  15. 26. Psychoactive drugs such as alcohol that typically decrease neural activity and slow down the central nervous system.
  16. 28. A neural pathway in the spinal cord that enables rapid, automatic responses to stimuli without requiring brain involvement.
  17. 30. Neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles to produce movement and behavior.
  18. 33. A hormone involved in social bonding, trust, and reproductive behaviors.
  19. 36. An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.
  20. 38. Substances that alter brain chemistry and affect behavior, mental processes, and consciousness.
  21. 40. Psychoactive drugs such as caffeine and cocaine that typically increase neural activity and arousal.
  22. 41. Psychoactive drugs that bind to receptors and discourage neural firing by blocking neurotransmitter effects.
  23. 42. A chemical messenger released by neurons that transmits signals across synapses to affect the activity of other neurons or cells.
  24. 43. A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
  25. 44. The process by which neurons communicate through the release and reception of neurotransmitters across synapses.
Down
  1. 1. The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
  2. 3. A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, and the stress response.
  3. 4. A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory.
  4. 6. The rule that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all; there is no partial firing of an action potential.
  5. 8. The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord that processes information and coordinates responses.
  6. 9. Psychoactive drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell, prolonging their effects.
  7. 12. A neurotransmitter signal that makes an action potential more likely by depolarizing the receiving neuron.
  8. 13. A hormone that increases appetite and signals hunger to the brain, primarily produced in the stomach.
  9. 15. A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, movement, and mood regulation.
  10. 23. A hormone involved in the stress response, increasing heart rate and arousal.
  11. 24. Negative physical and psychological effects that occur when a person stops using a psychoactive drug to which they are addicted.
  12. 27. Neurons that transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system in response to stimuli.
  13. 29. The process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes less negative, moving toward or past zero, triggering an action potential.
  14. 31. The stable negative electrical charge of a neuron at rest, typically around -70 millivolts.
  15. 32. A chemical messenger released into the bloodstream that affects behavior and mental processes similar to neurotransmitters.
  16. 34. A compulsive pattern of psychoactive drug use that can create significant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer consumed.
  17. 35. A hormone that decreases appetite and signals satiety (fullness) to the brain, produced by fat cells.
  18. 37. The minimum level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential in a neuron.
  19. 39. A neurotransmitter involved in pain perception and transmission.