unit 1

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Across
  1. 2. As defined by Thomas Kuhn, a set of common beliefs shared by scientists.
  2. 4. predictions According to Karl Popper, a proposition stemming from a theory that can clearly be shown to be incorrect.
  3. 7. of falsifiability According to Karl Popper, the fact that a theory is refutable characterizes it as scientific.
  4. 10. The belief that because all experiences must be filtered through individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths exist independently of human experience must be in vain. There is no one truth, only truths exist.
  5. 11. An approach to answering questions about nature that is characterized by two major components: empirical observation and theory.
  6. 12. The error of believing that anything with a name really exists.
  7. 14. theory A set of statements that function to organize empirical observations and to guide future observations.
  8. 15. determinism The view that behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
  9. 17. science As defined by Thomas Kuhn, the exploration by scientists of the implications of the currently accepted paradigm.
  10. 18. The view that knowledge is acquired only by sensory experience.
  11. 21. development approach Writing history by focusing on an idea or concept and tracing its development in terms of selected key individuals and events.
  12. 24. The view that the causes of an event cannot be accurately measured.
  13. 26. propositions Hypotheses deduced from a scientific theory that are testable through experimentation.
  14. 31. stage According to Thomas Kuhn, a pre-scientific period characterized by random fact gathering by rival camps or schools competing to establish their views.
  15. 32. The view that there is a special force that distinguishes living things from inanimate objects.
  16. 33. law A statement indicating a systematic relationship between two or more classes of empirical events.
  17. 37. stage According to Thomas Kuhn, the stage of scientific development during an established paradigm is displaced by another.
  18. 38. According to Thomas Kuhn, persistent observations that are unexplainable by the current accepted paradigm
  19. 40. Proponent of the view that there are two fundamental kinds of things: mind and matter.
  20. 42. law A statement describing a consistently observed relation between two or more classes of empirical events.
  21. 43. mind A mind that acts upon sensory input to give it new meaning.
Down
  1. 1. realism The belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically.
  2. 2. determinism The view that the causes of behavior are subjective.
  3. 3. The view that living things can be understood in terms of machines.
  4. 5. solving The activity of working toward an assured acceptable solution, as governed by a set of rules that limit the process; according to Thomas Kuhn, this is analogous to normal science.
  5. 6. observation In science, the relationship between two or more classes of events must be observable for verification by any interested person.
  6. 7. Explaining a phenomenon subsequent to its occurrence.
  7. 8. The view that all events are caused.
  8. 9. mind A mind that reflects the physical world based on sensory experience.
  9. 10. The view that knowledge is acquired only by employing mental operations or principles.
  10. 13. determinism The view that behavior is primarily caused by social or cultural factors.
  11. 16. approach This is an approach to history taken by Hergenhahn (2000) that combines the Zeitgeist, the great-person, and the historical development approaches to writing history.
  12. 17. In psychology, the view that behavior is freely chosen.
  13. 19. determinism The view that the causes of behavior are directly measurable.
  14. 20. approach Writing history by emphasizing the works of certain extraordinary individuals.
  15. 22. Proponent of the view that ultimately only matter exists.
  16. 23. An examination of how best to write history.
  17. 25. Proponent of the view that ultimately only minds exists.
  18. 26. law A statement indicating how classes of empirical events are causally related.
  19. 27. An approach to history that studies earlier events in an effort to discover direct causes for the present, which is assumed to be the highest form of development.
  20. 28. The belief that there are universal truths about ourselves, and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry.
  21. 29. determinism The view that behavior is primarily caused by the biological factors.
  22. 30. stage According to Thomas Kuhn, the stage of scientific development during which a paradigm is established and scientists engage in puzzle solving.
  23. 34. The study of knowledge.
  24. 35. Proponent of the view that emphasizes inheritance in explanations of human attributes.
  25. 36. An approach to history that studies the past without attempting to relate it to the present.
  26. 39. observation The direct observation of nature.
  27. 41. The spirit or intellectual climate of the time.