Unit 2 Part I Review

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Across
  1. 3. he neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
  2. 5. the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
  3. 6. the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
  4. 9. a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
  5. 13. every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
  6. 15. “above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
  7. 16. chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
  8. 17. the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
  9. 18. the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
  10. 20. bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs
  11. 21. a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
  12. 24. the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center
  13. 27. the brain and spinal cord; the body’s decision maker
  14. 28. the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
  15. 29. the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior
  16. 32. neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
  17. 33. the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
  18. 34. cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory
  19. 35. the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
  20. 37. neurons that carry incoming information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
  21. 38. the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
  22. 39. the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Down
  1. 1. the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
  2. 2. the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
  3. 3. a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
  4. 4. the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
  5. 7. in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state
  6. 8. the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
  7. 10. the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
  8. 11. a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
  9. 12. the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
  10. 14. neurons within the brain and spinal cord; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
  11. 19. threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
  12. 22. a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
  13. 23. the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
  14. 25. the complete instructions for making an organism; consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes
  15. 26. a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
  16. 30. a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.
  17. 31. chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons, influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
  18. 32. a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next
  19. 36. a neuron’s often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body