Unit 3

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Across
  1. 1. The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
  2. 5. The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
  3. 6. Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
  4. 9. the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain
  5. 10. Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
  6. 13. The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
  7. 14. The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its flavor.
  8. 15. The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
  9. 16. The distance from the peak of a wave to the peak of the next. Determines hue(color) for vision and frequency/pitch for sound.
  10. 18. ability to attend to only one voice among many (while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice)
  11. 19. The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).
  12. 21. An organized whole. These type of psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
  13. 24. The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  14. 28. The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
  15. 29. The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
  16. 30. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
  17. 33. The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.
  18. 36. The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
  19. 37. The sense or act of hearing.
  20. 38. pain receptors
  21. 42. The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
  22. 43. The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
  23. 45. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
  24. 47. The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
  25. 48. The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
  26. 52. Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.
  27. 53. Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.
  28. 54. Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
  29. 55. The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).
  30. 58. In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
  31. 59. In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
  32. 60. The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
  33. 61. A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
  34. 62. The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
  35. 63. carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound
  36. 65. The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).
  37. 66. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
  38. 67. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
Down
  1. 2. The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
  2. 3. A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
  3. 4. The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as intensity/brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.
  4. 6. A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.
  5. 7. Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
  6. 8. Failing to notice changes in the environment.
  7. 11. the perception of sensations or pain in an amputated limb.
  8. 12. an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
  9. 17. A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
  10. 20. Height of a wave. For vision determines intensity/brightness, for hearing determines loudness
  11. 22. Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
  12. 23. Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
  13. 25. Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
  14. 26. hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
  15. 27. A binocular cue for perceiving depth By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
  16. 28. The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
  17. 31. The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
  18. 32. Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
  19. 34. The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
  20. 35. failing to notice change in auditory stimulus (such as a new voice)
  21. 39. The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
  22. 40. sense of smell
  23. 41. A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
  24. 44. The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
  25. 46. The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
  26. 49. Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
  27. 50. Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
  28. 51. Firing in rapid succession, neural cells can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 waves per second
  29. 56. The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
  30. 57. The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
  31. 64. The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.